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Cross-Cultural views on Social Perception: Basic Definitions Source: Shiraev E.and Levy, D. Cross-Cultural Psychology. (2004). Second Edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon AttitudeA psychological representation of various features of the social or physical world. Cognitive dissonancePsychological tensions caused by the perceived mismatch (dissonance) between (a) attitudes and behavior, (b) two or more decisions, or (c) two or more attitudes. DogmatismThe tendency to be closed-minded, rigid, and inflexible in one's opinions and subsequent behavior. Fundamental attribution errorThe tendency to explain other's actions in terms of internal causes and our own behavior in terms of circumstances, environmental influences, and opportunities. Locus of ControlThe generalized beliefs that the control of one's reinforcements rests either on controllable internal factors (internal locus of control) or on uncontrollable external factors (external locus of control). Self-centered biasThe tendency to take credit for our successes and avoid responsibility for our failures. Social cognitionThe process through which we interpret, remember, and then use information about the social world. Social attributionThe process through which we seek to explain and identify the causes of the behavior of others as well as our own actions. Social perceptionThe process through which we seek to know and understand other people and ourselves. StereotypesTraits or characteristics generally attributed to all members of specific groups. Unassuming biasThe tendency to explain one’s own success as a result of external factors, and one’s failure as a result of personal mistakes or weaknesses. ValueA complex belief that reflects a principle, standard, or quality considered by the individual as the most desirable or appropriate. Basic Human Values Smith & Schwartz (1997) Type 1. Social Order vs. Autonomy. The “social order” views are shared by individuals who believe in status quo, advocate moderation, selfdiscipline, and care about orderliness and tradition. Those who share values of “autonomy,” emphasize the right of individuals to pursue their own ideals and people’s right to enjoy the variety of life for the sake of own well-being. Type 2. Hierarchy vs. Egalitarianism. If a person supports the “hierarchy” values, he or she justifies the legitimacy of an unequal distribution of power, resources, and social roles in society. If a person supports values “egalitarianism,” he or she sees individuals as equals, who share basic interests and should receive equal access to society’s resources. Type 3. Mastery vs. Harmony. “Mastery” values encourage individuals to exercise control over society and exploit its natural resources. Ambition and high self-esteem are important individual traits that accompany mastery values. “Harmony” values stand for the view that the world should be kept as is: both preserved and cherished rather than violated and exploited.