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Transcript
Classical Civilizations (1000 BCE – 500 CE) China (Zhou – Han), India (Maurya – Gupta), and Mediterranean (Greece & Rome) Classical Period Generalizations • Know more about them with archaeological and written records • Not all of the world – not N. Europe, central Asia, most Africa, nor America. • All built on achievements of river civilization • Largest population concentrations (China 3x higher to 60 million, Roman about 54 mil, India, 50 million) • Use of iron gave new military edge (new epidemics as people spread) • Shifts of geographical base (India from Indus to Ganges, China expands to rice-growing Yangtze) • Increased trade, but not globalization (each operated independently – adaptation over adoption) Classical Civilizations Generalizations (cont) • Created larger political structures for larger territory (more diversity) • All have more elaborate philosophical and religious systems to draw diverse people towards unity • Established institutions and values that shaped key parts of world (political centralism of China vs. regionalism of India, emotional restraint of China/Japan vs. display of feeling of Mediterranean Greece Geography – 2/3 mountains (rugged cliffs, gorges), less 20% arable plains, rivers only seasonal – too fast, remove silts, several great harbors (most towns within 50 miles). Lack of wheat – needed colonies. Athens – good clay for pottery, protected by mts. Extensive Sea Trade across Mediterranean Divided people into independent city-states Politics (early) Minoan Crete, 2000-1450 B.C.E. Height between 2000 and 1450 B.C.E. Knossus Sudden and catastrophic collapse around 1450 B.C.E. Mycenaean Greeks, 1600-1200 B.C.E. Flourished between 1400 and 1200 B.C.E. A warrior people – Trojan War The Greek Dark Age (c. 1100-c. Agamemnon 750 B.C.E.) Mycenae torched about 1190 B.C.E. • Collapse of agricultural Greek-speaking invaders from the production north • Migration east across the Aegean Sea Political Classical Most oligarchies (narrow elite families) that transition to democracy: Athens aristocracy to tyranny to reform – Solon (ended debt slavery) & Cleisthenes (ostracism, council of 500) Key poleis: Athens (direct democracy by lot – height under Pericles, most representative govt. in ancient world) and Sparta (rigid, two kings and gerousia and apella – military state due to helot revolts) Series of wars over trade and influence (Persian in 490-480 and Peloponnesian in 434-401 BCE) Philip II & son Alexander the Great (336323) of Macedon take advantage of political vacuum The Growth of an Athenian Empire in the Age of Pericles Delian League formed 478-77 B.C.E., would not allow members to leave began to threaten Spartan allies like Corinth and their colonies in Sicily. AP Practice Question What is true of Athenian democracy? a. Court trials were held without the use of juries. b. All those who could reach the age of eighteen could vote. c. It had a single executive. d. Unfavorable decisions could not be appealed to a higher court. e. It was a direct democracy. AP Practice Question Greek culture was spread through all of the following EXCEPT a. the Hellenistic empire. b. colonization. c. the culture of Islamic Spain. d. the Byzantine empire. e. the empire of Mali. But…..Because Greece (and Rome) lagged behind India and China in production technology, it had an unfavorable balance of trade. Gained wealth through trade/strong navy. Athenians – wine, olive oil, pottery, silver mines Farmers often felt squeezed – lost property to larger landholders – heavy debts Needed more sophisticated communication system – early Greek alphabet, eventually replace barter system with money system (Lydians in Turkey invent) AP Practice Question Greek colonization accomplished all of the following EXCEPT a. increasing communication among Mediterranean peoples. b. facilitating trade among the poleis. c. building a centralized stated. d. spreading the Greek language and culture. e. heightening social life in Anatolia. Polytheistic (Zeus is creator God), many abstract ones (Aphrodite of Love, Mars of War, Athena of Wisdom). Regular ceremonies had political importance – glorifying state, feeding masses for popular support, foretelling future (Delphi oracle). “Human” like gods – read like soap-operas so engendered early literature (like India, unlike China). During times of strife, religion failed to satisfy ordinary people so rise of mystery religions (like Christianity became for Romans) and philosophies. Religion Since slave came mainly from conquered territories, justified large military expansion to maintain domestic and agricultural workers – especially among Romans. Social Patriarchal – male dominated, women not allowed to interact with men outside of home (could not vote or hold office), instances of infanticide of girls. Pericles said “for a woman it is best if she is not talked of either for the good or for evil.” (better status than in China – could be involved in business), Athenian homosexuality Distinct social classes w/aristocrats at top and slaves at bottom (Aristotle created elaborate philosophy to justify slavery) Sparta – helots were enslaved neighboring population for agricultural work Merchants (often foreigners) gained some status – better than Chinese merchants in China, but less accepted than Indian merchants in India. AP Practice Question In Greek society, women were treated as a. equals to men, especially when it came to voting. b. gods c. inferior to men in both social and political affairs d. slaves in every household e. none of the above Intellectual/ Technological Not especially interested in agricultural or manufacturing technology (due to presence of slavery and expansive trade) Key shipbuilding and navigation innovations Hippocrates (age of Pericles --- plague) . Intellectual/Scientific Hellenistic Empire (Alexander’s) will have several – scientific & mathematical (Pythagoras), Euclid, Archimedes) – again as product of Oriental influence not western AP Practice Question Alexander’s empire a. extended throughout the Indian subcontinent. b. blended eastern and western cultures. c. remained stable for two centuries following his death. d. ended slavery among the Greeks. e. was known for its benevolence towards conquered peoples. Artistic/Literature Architecture – columns (doric/ionic/corinthian) Sculpture – human forms in the round, studied human body and movement Literature – Homer, tragedy, comedy, Dionysians, Philosophers (Aristotle, Socrates/Plato) – inquiry, rational observation Olympic Games AP Practice Question “The unexamined life is not worth living” is a sentiment expressed by a. Plato b. Aristotle c. Solon. d. Cleisthenes e. Socrates ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Roman Geography Roman Politics (early) Monarchy (753-509 BCE) – some ETRUSCANS Republic (509-44 BCE) – senate from patrician class, two consuls, tribunes protect interest of plebians (after invasions of Gauls – plebs make up army) Codified Law – Twelve Tables – 449 BCE Punic War (264-146 BCE) – Carthage vs. Romans over Sicily Land Reforms demanded – Gracchi brothers martyred Social Wars (91-87 BCE) – Roman neighbors attempt to rebel – civil war w/Marius and Sulla – Sulla invades Rome w/army 88 BCE 71 BCE – Spartacus leads slave revolt 60 BCE – First Triumvirate – Crassus, Pompey and Julius Caesar 44 BCE – Julius Caesar assassinated 44-33 BCE – Second Triumvirate – Octavian, Marc Antony, Lepidus 31 BCE – Octavian defeats Marc Antony AP Practice Question All of the statements listed below are true of the Etruscans EXCEPT a. They were traders and artisans b. They are believed to have migrated from Anatolia. c. They transmitted the alphabet through the Greeks to the Romans d. They contributed the concept of republican government to Rome. e. They transferred many of their religious beliefs to Rome. AP Practice Question During the time of the Roman republic, a. the plebeians enjoyed no political representation. b. only patricians enjoyed the projections of the law. c. trade was regional only. d. all conquered peoples were offered citizenship. e. Rome became master of the Mediterranean world. Practice AP Question From the time of the Roman republic to the Pax Romana a. Rome became increasingly democratic. b. the Roman civilization became increasingly weaker. c. the territory of Rome continued to expand. d. Roman citizenship became increasingly rare. e. Greek influence upon Rome became less pronounced. AP Practice Question Which of the following is in the correct chronological sequence? a. appointment of Julius Caesar as dictator; birth of Jesus; rule of the Gracchi; founding of Constantinople. b. rule of the Gracchi; appointment of Julius Caesar as dictator; birth of Jesus; founding of Constantinople. c. rule of the Gracchi; birth of Jesus; appointment of Julius Caesar as dictator; founding of Constantinople. d. birth of Jesus; rule of the Gracchi; founding of Constantinople; appointment of Julius Caesar as dictator. e. rule of the Gracchi; appointment of Julius Caesar as dictator; founding of Constantinople; birth of Jesus. Roman Politics Empire Lead by emperor – nominally inherited (often nominated/adopted heir) Supported by bureaucrats – civil servants, trained not inherited (break down of power of patricians) Single law throughout empire – single coin, state worship of emperor, Latin official language Army was necessity – “he who controls army, controls Rome” – emperors put pay in state hands not generals (doesn’t work – loyalty to general because of extra bribes) Economics Farming – commercial farming established in provinces (especially N. Africa – soil depletion) – established latifundia, landless smaller farmers forced to cities. Mining w/slave labor ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Trade networked with Chinese silk road and Indian Ocean trade for luxury items. AP Practice Question The Pax Mongolica and the Pax Romana had in common a. a high volume of trade connected with the Silk Roads. b. a common language. c. common religious beliefs. d. a common currency. e. interruption of trade routes by pastoral nomads. REAL AP Question Which of the following characterizes trade between the Roman Empire and India during the first two centuries C.E.? Rome to India India to Rome a. Silver & Gold Pepper b. Tools & Weapons Silver & Gold c. Horses Wheat d. Textiles Silver & Gold e. Tools & weapons Wine & olive oil Religion Polytheistic – borrowed from Greeks Emperor cult Pantheon Judaism Christianity (missionary, persecution, Edict of Milan) AP Practice Question All of the following served to spread Christianity EXCEPT a. the unity of the Mediterranean basin the first century. b. the missionary efforts of Paul of Tarsus. c. trade along the Silk Road. d. the Roman roads of the Pax Romana. e. its acceptance as the official religion of Rome in the first century. Social Patriarchal (paterfamilias – declined importance over time) Social Classes – w/originally defined political roles (patricians vs. plebians) Slave State (20-30% pop) .Women – aristocratic were educated to read/write – indirectly influential in politics (diner parties, Livia – Augustus’ wife), could own extensive property Intellectual/Technological Roads, bridges – means to connect Empire Concrete – arches, domes aqueducts Military technology – forts, weapons AP Practice Question The Romans a. did not permit slavery. b. strongly influenced the Greek civilization. c. restricted its army to its citizens. d. expanded its empire to include India. e. constructed a system of roads that connected with Silk Road trade. Artistic/Literature Histories – textbooks, encyclopedias Poetry – Vergil (Aeneid – glorification of state) Painting – wall decorations, portraiture (emphasis of social status) Architecture – baths, stadiums, theaters AP Practice Question Which of the following was NOT one of Rome’s cultural legacies? a. The Romans preserved Hellenic philosophy. b. The Romans built roads and fortification state have lasted for centuries. d. The Romans adopted the Islamic religion as the official faith of the empire. e. The Romans adopted a legal code still in some use today. AP Practice Question Under Roman law, a. women could not own property. b. patricians enjoyed greater privileges than plebeians. c. accused persons were guaranteed legal protection. d. the accused was guilty until proven innocent by a court of law. e. women had few protections. Collapse - Invasions AP Practice Question The classical empires of Rome, India, and Han China shared in common a. a strong centralized government throughout their history. b. a state religion. c. a resistance to long-distance trade. d. centuries of bountiful harvests. e. the threat of foreign peoples along their borders. AP Practice Question The classical empires of the Han, Romans, and Gupta experienced all of the following EXCEPT a. internal weakness prior to their downfall. b. the need to hold off foreign tribes along their borders. c. conflicts between political and religious authorities. d. financial decline. e. the dissolution of the empires into numerous local governments.