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10/4/2016 Essential Questions: Agenda: • Compare Labels • Intro to Matter • Examine Structures • Macromolecules Notes • Macromolecules Foldable • Building Macromolecules Activity • Kahoot! How does life result from chemicals? How does the arrangement of the basic material of life influence their function? Learning Targets: Describe how biological macromolecules form from monomers Compare the structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids in organisms Explain how carbon is uniquely suited to form biological macromolecule Name ____________________________________ Date __________ Period _____ You Are What You Eat! Activity Black Beans (Canned) Pineapple (Canned) EXAMINE THE LABELS Compare and contrast their ingredients and record your observations in the chart below. Directions: Use the Nutrition Labels (shown above). Compare and contrast their ingredients and record your observations in the chart below. A score of “3” (meets standard) requires at least four entries in each column. Item #1: Both Item #2: 1 10/4/2016 What are you made of? Living things are made from chemical compounds. When you breathe, eat, or drink, your body uses the substances in air, food, and water to carry out chemical reactions that keep you alive. The first job of a biologist is to understand the chemistry of life. The study of chemistry begins with the basic unit of matter, the atom. What three subatomic particles make up atoms? • The subatomic particles that make up atoms are protons, neutrons, and electrons. 2 10/4/2016 Atoms are incredibly small. Placed side by side, 100 million atoms would make a row only about 1 centimeter long—about the width of your little finger! The subatomic particles are smaller than atoms! The particles that make up atoms are protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons have about the same mass. Protons are positively charged particles (+) and neutrons carry no charge at all. 3 10/4/2016 The electron is a negatively charged particle (–) with only 1/1840 the mass of a proton. (REALLY SMALL!!!!!) Electrons are in constant motion in the space surrounding the nucleus. They are attracted to the positively charged nucleus but remain outside the nucleus because of the energy of their motion. CARBON A chemical element is a pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom. More than 100 elements are known, but only about two dozen are commonly found in living organisms. Elements are represented by one- or two-letter symbols. For example, C stands for carbon, H for hydrogen, Na for sodium, and Hg for mercury. 4 10/4/2016 A chemical compound (molecule) is a substance formed by the chemical combination of whole atoms from two or more elements. • In what ways do compounds differ from their component elements? • The physical and chemical properties of a compound are usually very different from those of the elements from which it is formed. • For example, hydrogen and oxygen are both gases but when combine they form a liquid. 5 10/4/2016 Chemical Bonds hold atoms together in a compounds (molecules). There are different chemical bonds, each with different strengths. 1. 2. Ionic bonds - salts Covalent bonds - molecules WORKING IN PAIRS E XAMINE TH E PACKE T Color all the Carbons (C) – green Oxygen (O) – red Hydrogen (H) – blue 6 10/4/2016 WHAT PATTERNS DO WE SEE? Which element(s) seem(s) to be most important to building these molecules? How do we obtain these necessary elements? What are these used for? Organic molecules made up mostly of: Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen and sometimes Phosphorus 7 10/4/2016 Poly = Many Mono = One Hydro = Water (actually Greek) Synthesis = to make or form Lysis = loosen; break apart Lipos = fat Life as we know it is carbon-based. A carbon atom can form chemical bonds with other carbon atoms in long chains or rings. 8 10/4/2016 Carbon compounds in living things include: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. 95% of all compounds are organic Example: Glucose C6H12O6 9 10/4/2016 City Cell Building Organelle Wall Macromolecule Brick Monomer Sand, water and cement Atoms 10 10/4/2016 POLYMER MONOMER Carbohydrates (Polysaccharides) Lipids (e.g. fats) Protein Monosaccharides (simple sugars) Glycerol and Fatty Acids Amino Acids Nucleic Acids Nucleotides 11 10/4/2016 Carbohydrates are energy-rich compounds made from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (they store energy) Cells use carbohydrates to get and store energy. Carbohydrates add structure to plants (cellulose) Carbohydrates are also called sugars or starches. Plant cells store energy as starch. Rice, potatoes, and wheat are plant starches. 12 10/4/2016 FUNCTION Quick and short term energy FOUND IN Breads, Pastas, Potatoes, Corn STRUCTURE (1:2:1 ratio) 1 carbon:2 hydrogen:1 oxygen) Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (CHO) Unique because they always have two hydrogen for every one oxygen (hydrate-like water H20) MONOSACCHARIDE EXAMPLES Glucose (C6H12O6) -- glucose, dextrose DISACCHARIDE EXAMPLES -- sucrose (plain sugar, lactose (milk sugar Lactose (milk sugar) Maltose (malt sugar-in grain), Sucrose (made of fructose & maltose combined-in sugar cane) (C12H22O11) 100 to 1000 monosaccharides joined POLYSACCHARIDE EXAMPLES -- potatoes, bread, grains, corn Starch-how carbohydrates are stored in plants Glycogen-how carbohydrates are stored in animals Cellulose-found in plant cell walls; animals cannot digest (Fiber) Lipids are made by cells to store energy for long periods of time. Used to make membranes in cells. Lipids include fats, oils, and waxes. Can you think of examples of lipids in plants or animals? 13 10/4/2016 FUNCTION Long term energy storage Insulate against heat loss Protective cushion around organs FOUND IN Fatty foods, butter, margarine, cooking oils STRUCTURE Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (on occasion other elements) Glycerol (backbone 3 Carbons with OH groups) and fatty acid chains Don’t dissolve in water FATS and OILS (Triglycerides) One glycerol with 3 fatty acid tail PHOSPHOLIPIDS WAXES STEROIDS Make up cell membranes contain C,H, O and phosphorus (2 fatty acid tails) Only 1 fatty acid tail with alcohol attached; protective coating on fruits etc. Includes cholesterol, female and male sex hormone Proteins are very large molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. Protein molecules are made of chains of smaller molecules called amino acids. Control structure & metabolism of cells 14 10/4/2016 FUNCTION Building blocks of living materials; compose structural parts such as keratin in hair and nails, antibodies, cartilage, bones, ligaments and enzymes (compounds that speed up reactions) FOUND IN Meat, Eggs and Cheese STRUCTURE Much larger, more complex than carbohydrates and lipids . Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen & Nitrogen. BUILDING BLOCKS Amino Acids (There are 20 different amino acids) Hold amino acids together (dipeptides, tripeptides, polypeptides) PEPTIDE BONDS DENATURATION When proteins are exposed to extreme changes in pH, temperature etc. they lose their shape and can no longer function. Nucleic acids are compounds made of long, repeating chains called nucleotides. DNA is a nucleic acid that contains the information cells need to make all of their proteins. DNA is the “blueprint” for living organisms. 15 10/4/2016 FUNCTION Important for growth & reproduction of cells, contains the genetic code (what genes are made from) FOUND IN Genes – 2 types DNA and RNA STRUCTURE Sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), phosphate, nitrogen bases BUILDING BLOCKS Nucleotides ATP A nucleic acid that is made in the cell’s mitochondria. Glucose is converted into ATP. DNA is known for its twisted ladder shape SHAPE 16 10/4/2016 Some scientists refer to DNA as the “blueprint” for life. What is a blueprint and why might scientists use this “analogy”? • • • • Use three sheets of paper Tab 1 Atom Label the tab Offset each one by 1” Give definition of atom with the sub Fold over to make booklet particles (4 pts) Stable along the top. Draw an illustration of an atom (1 pt) Tab 2 : Elements of Life Label the tab Using the acronym CHNOPS list the five common elements found in living organisms (5 pts) Tab 3 : Carbohydrates Label the tab Describe the function (1 pt) List the elements that can be found in carbohydrates (1 pt) List the source (found in what foods) (1 pt) Sketch and color a GLUCOSE molecule (1 pt) List the monomer and polymers (1 pt) 17 10/4/2016 Tab 4:Lipids Label the tab Describe the function (1 pt) List the elements that can be found in lipids (1 pt) List the source (1 pt) Draw and label the structure of the monomer and polymer (2 pt) Tab 5: Proteins Label the tab Describe the function (1pt) List the elements that can be found in proteins (1pt) List the source (1pt) Draw and label the structure of a monomer of protein (1pt) Include a picture of a protein polymer (1 pt) Tab 6 : Nucleic Acid Label the tab Describe the function (1pt) List the elements that can be found in nucleic acid (1pt) List the source (1pt) Draw and label the structure of a monomer of nucleic acid (1pt) Name two nucleic acid polymers (1pt) ON THE VERY BACK write this heading at the top of the page: “COMPOUNDS IN A PERSON”. Draw a human, and show where/how the 4 macromolecules are used in the body. (5pts) Write your name and class period. WHAT DO YOU KNOW? 18 10/4/2016 NOTICE: C,H,O and the 2:1 ratio of H to O NOTICE: the twisted shape of DNA 19 10/4/2016 NOTICE: The Glycerol back bone and fatty acid tails NOTICE: The amino acid monomers 20 10/4/2016 21 10/4/2016 CHROMOSOME 22 10/4/2016 NOTICE: The phospate, sugar and base NOTICE: The nitrogen and Rgroup 23