Download Chemistry of Life - Birmingham City Schools

10/4/2016
Essential Questions:
Agenda:
• Compare Labels
• Intro to Matter
• Examine Structures
• Macromolecules Notes
• Macromolecules Foldable
• Building Macromolecules
Activity
• Kahoot!

How does life result from chemicals?

How does the arrangement of the basic
material of life influence their
function?
Learning Targets:

Describe how biological macromolecules
form from monomers

Compare the structure and function of
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and
nucleic acids in organisms

Explain how carbon is uniquely suited to
form biological macromolecule
Name ____________________________________ Date __________ Period _____
You Are What You Eat! Activity
Black Beans (Canned)
Pineapple (Canned)
EXAMINE THE
LABELS
Compare and contrast their
ingredients and record your
observations in the chart below.
Directions: Use the Nutrition Labels (shown above). Compare and contrast their ingredients and record
your observations in the chart below.
A score of “3” (meets standard) requires at least four entries in each column.
Item #1:
Both
Item #2:
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
What are you made of?

Living things are made from chemical
compounds.

When you breathe, eat, or drink, your body uses
the substances in air, food, and water to carry out
chemical reactions that keep you alive.

The first job of a biologist is to understand the
chemistry of life.
 The study of chemistry begins with the basic unit of
matter, the atom.
 What three subatomic particles make up atoms?
• The subatomic particles that make up atoms are
protons, neutrons, and electrons.
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
Atoms are incredibly small. Placed side by side,
100 million atoms would make a row only about 1
centimeter long—about the width of your little
finger!

The subatomic particles are smaller than atoms!

The particles that make up atoms are protons,
neutrons, and electrons.

Protons and neutrons have
about the same mass.

Protons are positively charged
particles (+) and neutrons
carry no charge at all.
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
The electron is a negatively
charged particle (–) with only
1/1840 the mass of a proton. (REALLY
SMALL!!!!!)

Electrons are in constant motion in
the space surrounding the nucleus.

They are attracted to the positively
charged nucleus but remain outside
the nucleus because of the energy
of their motion.
CARBON

A chemical element is a pure
substance that consists entirely
of one type of atom.

More than 100 elements are
known, but only about two dozen
are commonly found in living
organisms.

Elements are represented by
one- or two-letter symbols. For
example, C stands for carbon, H
for hydrogen, Na for sodium, and
Hg for mercury.
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A
chemical compound (molecule) is a
substance formed by the chemical
combination of whole atoms from two or more
elements.
• In what ways do compounds
differ from their component
elements?
• The physical and chemical properties of a
compound are usually very different from
those of the elements from which it is
formed.
• For example, hydrogen and oxygen are both
gases but when combine they form a liquid.
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
Chemical Bonds hold atoms together in
a compounds (molecules).

There are different chemical bonds,
each with different strengths.
1.
2.
Ionic bonds - salts
Covalent bonds - molecules
WORKING IN PAIRS
E XAMINE TH E PACKE T
Color all the
Carbons (C) – green
Oxygen (O) – red
Hydrogen (H) – blue
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WHAT PATTERNS
DO WE SEE?
Which element(s) seem(s) to be
most important to building these
molecules?
How do we obtain these
necessary elements?
What are these used for?
Organic molecules made up
mostly of:
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
and sometimes Phosphorus
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Poly
= Many
Mono = One
Hydro = Water
(actually Greek)
Synthesis = to make or
form
Lysis = loosen;
break apart
Lipos = fat
Life
as we know it
is carbon-based.
A carbon atom can
form chemical
bonds with other
carbon atoms in
long chains or
rings.
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Carbon
compounds in living things
include: carbohydrates, proteins,
lipids and nucleic acids.
95% of all
compounds are
organic
Example:
Glucose C6H12O6
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City
Cell
Building
Organelle
Wall
Macromolecule
Brick
Monomer
Sand, water
and cement
Atoms
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POLYMER
MONOMER
Carbohydrates
(Polysaccharides)
Lipids (e.g. fats)
Protein
Monosaccharides
(simple sugars)
Glycerol and Fatty
Acids
Amino Acids
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides
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 Carbohydrates
are energy-rich
compounds made from
carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen
(they store energy)
 Cells use carbohydrates
to get and store energy.
 Carbohydrates add
structure to plants (cellulose)
 Carbohydrates are also called sugars
or starches.
 Plant
cells store energy as starch.
 Rice, potatoes, and wheat are plant
starches.
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FUNCTION
Quick and short term energy
FOUND IN
Breads, Pastas, Potatoes, Corn
STRUCTURE
(1:2:1 ratio)
1 carbon:2 hydrogen:1
oxygen)
Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
(CHO) Unique because they always
have two hydrogen for every one
oxygen (hydrate-like water H20)
MONOSACCHARIDE EXAMPLES Glucose (C6H12O6)
-- glucose, dextrose
DISACCHARIDE EXAMPLES
-- sucrose (plain sugar,
lactose (milk sugar
Lactose (milk sugar)
Maltose (malt sugar-in grain),
Sucrose (made of fructose & maltose
combined-in sugar cane)
(C12H22O11)
100 to 1000 monosaccharides joined
POLYSACCHARIDE EXAMPLES
-- potatoes, bread, grains,
corn
Starch-how carbohydrates are stored
in plants
Glycogen-how carbohydrates are
stored in animals
Cellulose-found in plant cell walls;
animals cannot digest (Fiber)
 Lipids
are made by
cells to store energy
for long periods of
time.
 Used to make
membranes in cells.
 Lipids include fats,
oils, and waxes.
Can you think of examples of
lipids in plants or animals?
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FUNCTION
Long term energy storage
Insulate against heat loss
Protective cushion around organs
FOUND IN
Fatty foods, butter, margarine,
cooking oils
STRUCTURE
Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
(on occasion other elements)
Glycerol (backbone 3 Carbons with OH groups) and fatty acid chains
Don’t dissolve in water
FATS and OILS (Triglycerides) One glycerol with 3 fatty acid tail
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
WAXES
STEROIDS
Make up cell membranes contain C,H,
O and phosphorus (2 fatty acid tails)
Only 1 fatty acid tail with alcohol
attached; protective coating on fruits
etc.
Includes cholesterol, female and male
sex hormone
 Proteins
are very
large molecules
made of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, and
sometimes sulfur.
 Protein molecules
are made of chains
of smaller
molecules called
amino acids.
 Control structure &
metabolism of cells
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FUNCTION
Building blocks of living materials;
compose structural parts such as
keratin in hair and nails, antibodies,
cartilage, bones, ligaments and
enzymes (compounds that speed up
reactions)
FOUND IN
Meat, Eggs and Cheese
STRUCTURE
Much larger, more complex than
carbohydrates and lipids . Contain
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen & Nitrogen.
BUILDING BLOCKS
Amino Acids (There are 20 different
amino acids)
Hold amino acids together
(dipeptides, tripeptides, polypeptides)
PEPTIDE BONDS
DENATURATION
When proteins are exposed to extreme
changes in pH, temperature etc. they
lose their shape and can no longer
function.
 Nucleic
acids are compounds made of
long, repeating chains called nucleotides.
 DNA is a nucleic acid that contains the
information cells need to make all of
their proteins. DNA is the “blueprint” for
living organisms.
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FUNCTION
Important for growth & reproduction of
cells, contains the genetic code (what
genes are made from)
FOUND IN
Genes – 2 types DNA and RNA
STRUCTURE
Sugar (deoxyribose or ribose),
phosphate, nitrogen bases
BUILDING BLOCKS
Nucleotides
ATP
A nucleic acid that is made in the cell’s
mitochondria. Glucose is converted
into ATP.
DNA is known for its twisted ladder
shape
SHAPE
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 Some
scientists
refer to DNA as the
“blueprint” for
life.
What is a blueprint and
why might scientists use
this “analogy”?
•
•
•
•
Use three sheets of paper  Tab 1 Atom
 Label the tab
Offset each one by 1”
 Give definition of atom with the sub
Fold over to make booklet
particles (4 pts)
Stable along the top.



Draw an illustration of an atom (1 pt)
Tab 2 : Elements of Life

Label the tab

Using the acronym CHNOPS list the five
common elements found in living organisms
(5 pts)
Tab 3 : Carbohydrates

Label the tab


Describe the function (1 pt)
List the elements that can be found in
carbohydrates (1 pt)

List the source (found in what foods) (1 pt)

Sketch and color a GLUCOSE molecule (1
pt)

List the monomer and polymers (1 pt)
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
Tab 4:Lipids

Label the tab
Describe the function (1 pt)

List the elements that can be found in lipids (1 pt)

List the source (1 pt)

Draw and label the structure of the monomer and polymer
(2 pt)



Tab 5: Proteins

Label the tab


Describe the function (1pt)
List the elements that can be found in proteins (1pt)

List the source (1pt)

Draw and label the structure of a monomer of protein (1pt)

Include a picture of a protein polymer (1 pt)
Tab 6 : Nucleic Acid

Label the tab


Describe the function (1pt)
List the elements that can be found in nucleic acid (1pt)

List the source (1pt)

Draw and label the structure of a monomer of nucleic acid
(1pt)

Name two nucleic acid polymers (1pt)
ON THE VERY BACK
write this heading at
the top of the page:
“COMPOUNDS IN A
PERSON”.
Draw a human, and
show where/how the 4
macromolecules are
used in the body.
(5pts)
Write your name and
class period.
WHAT DO YOU
KNOW?
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NOTICE:
C,H,O and
the 2:1 ratio
of H to O
NOTICE:
the twisted
shape of
DNA
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NOTICE:
The Glycerol
back bone
and fatty
acid tails
NOTICE:
The amino
acid
monomers
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CHROMOSOME
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NOTICE:
The
phospate,
sugar and
base
NOTICE:
The
nitrogen
and Rgroup
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