Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Lymphatic system wikipedia , lookup
Body snatching wikipedia , lookup
Body Worlds wikipedia , lookup
Murder for body parts wikipedia , lookup
Anatomical terms of location wikipedia , lookup
Gastrointestinal tract wikipedia , lookup
Large intestine wikipedia , lookup
9/9/2009 Body Regions Review Anatomical Position • • • Universal terms are used to describe the body accurately and result of this is that the right and left sides of the body are mirror images of each other. Anatomical position shows the body erect, head facing forward, arms hanging at the sides sides, palms facing outward with the thumbs pointing up and away from the body, and the feet are slightly apart pointing in the forward direction. The terms “right” and “left” refer to the sides of the person being viewed – not those of the observer. The fundamental divisions of the human body Christine Sparks Anatomy / Physiology I Sept. 9, 2009 Supine versus Prone Anatomical Planes • Body in the supine, or facing up, position. • • Body in the prone, or facing down, position. A sagittal plane, being a plane parallel to the sagittal suture, divides the body into (left and right) portions. A coronal or frontal plane divides the body into dorsal and d ventral t l (b (back k and d ffront, t or posterior and anterior) portions. A transverse plane, also known as an axial plane or cross-section, divides the body into cranial and caudal (head and tail) portions. 1 9/9/2009 Directional terms help explain the relationship of the different body structures. Organs in the Regions Digestive: prepares food molecules for use in the body TERM MEANING EXAMPLE ============================================================================= • Anterior Closer to the front The knee cap is on the anterior side of the knee. • Posterior Closer to the back The shoulder blades are posterior to the ribs. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------• • Superior Inferior Closer to the head Closer to the feet The heart is superior to the stomach. The chest is inferior to the neck. • • • • • • • • Esophagus – accepts food from the pharynx Stomach-reservoir storing food, passing it on to the intestines Liver- consists of two lobes, converts glucose into glycogen and detoxifies Pancreas – secretes enzymes into the duodenum via pancreatic duct Small Intestine – site where digestion is completed and virtually all absorption occurs Duodenum – first part of the small intestine Colon – regions of the large intestine; includes ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid Large intestine – part of the digestive system most responsible for absorption of water from food; it • • Cecum – beginning of the large intestine; a pouch that connects the ileum with the ascending colon Ileum – main function is to absorb vitamin B12; terminal • • Appendix – a pouch connected to the cecum Gallbladder – small pear-shaped organ that stores and includes the cecum, appendix, colon, rectum and anal canal ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------• • Medial Lateral Closer to the midline Further from the midline The big toe is medial to the 5th toe. The thumb is on the lateral side of the hand. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------• • Superficial Deep Closer to the surface Further from the surface part of the sm. intestine b/t the jejunum and the cecum concentrates bile; it is connected to the liver by the hypatic duct The skin is superficial to muscle. The lungs are deep to the ribs. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------• • Proximal Distal Closer to the trunk Further from the trunk The hip is proximal to the knee. The wrist is distal to the elbow. Organs in the Regions Organs in the Regions Endocrine: ductless glands that secrete chemical signals, hormones, into the blood Lymphatic : two most important functions of the lymphatic system are (1) maintenance • • • • Thymus – lymphoid organ and endocrine gland active in immunity response Hypothalamus – area of the brain that produces hormones that controls homeostatsis Pituitary – loc. beneath the brain and controls the functions of the other endocrine glands Pineal – believed to be the ‘time keeper’ of the biological clock and influences reproductive of fluid balance in the internal environment and (2) immunity, protection of the body against • • Adrenal – hormone-producing glands located superior to the kidneys Pancreas – loc. Behind stomach, b/w the spleen and duodenum, produces both endocrine and • • Ovaries – female gonad; female reproductive organ in which eggs are produced T t – male Testes l gonad; d male l reproductive d ti organ th thatt produces d ttestosterone t t and d llocated t d outside t id both external and internal “enemies”, such as bacteria and abnormal cell growth • Thymus – primary organ of the lymphatic system consisting of two pyramid-shaped lobes loc. just behind the sternum. Provides an area for T-lymphocyte (group of white blood cells) maturation function exocrine secretions. (It has digestive and hormonal functions.) • Spleen – has many functions, including defense, formation of blood cells (hematopoiesis), and red • blood cell and platelet destruction, and serves as a reservoir for blood Cisterna Chyli- the dilated part of the thoracic duct at its origin in the lumbar region the body cavity in the scrotum 2 9/9/2009 Organs in the Regions Four Body Quadrants Urinary : system primarily responsible for water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance and removal of nitrogenous waste • Kidney – one of a pair located on the right/left side of the abdomen which clears toxins from the blood, regulates extra fluids, and produces urine; loc. retroperitoneal, behind the peritoneum (a serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity) against the dorsal body wall • • • The body is divided into four different quadrants: Ureter – a tube that carries urine down from the kidney to the bladder Urinary bladder – muscular sac located in the pelvis that stores urine and contracts to expel from the body RUQ – Right g Upper pp Quadrant LUQ - Left Upper Quadrant RLQ – Right Lower Quadrant LLQ – Left Lower Quadrant Right Upper Quadrant - RUQ • Part of the small intestine including the descending duodenum • Upper ascending colon • Most of the liver • Gallbladder • Bile ducts • Head of pancreas • Right adrenal gland • Right kidney • Upper part of right ureter Left Upper Quadrant - LUQ • Ascending part of duodenum • Upper descending colon • Left half of transverse colon • Spleen • Small part of liver • Left adrenal gland • Upper part of left ureter • Stomach 3 9/9/2009 Right Lower Quadrant - RLQ • • • • • • • Left Lower Quadrant - LLQ • Lower descending colon • Small intestine (part of ileum)) (p • Lower part of left ureter • Part of Urinary bladder • Sex Organs Lower ascending colon Cecum Appendix Lower right ureter Ileum Part of Urinary bladder Sex Organs Right Hypochondriac Region • • • Latin meanings: chondros = cartilage Epi = upon, above hypo = under gastric = stomach lumbus = loin umbilicus = navel iliac = superior part of the hip bone hypo + chondros = hypochondriac epi + gastric = epigastric hypo + gastric = hypogastric Digestive: Liver Gall Bladder Small Intestine Ascending Colon Transverse Colon Endocrine: Right Kidney Excretory: Right Kidney ( under cartilage) (above stomach) (under stomach) 4 9/9/2009 Epigastric Region Left Hypochondriac Region • Digestive: Esophagus Stomach Liver Pancreas Small Intestine Transverse Colon • Digestive: Stomach Liver (tip) Pancreas (tail of) Small Intestine Transverse Colon Descending Colon • Endocrine: Right & Left Adrenal Glands Pancreas • Endocrine: Pancreas Left Kidney • Circulatory: Aorta • Excretory: Left Kidney • Lymphatic: Spleen • Lymphatic: Spleen Right Lumbar Region • Digestive: Liver (tip) Gall Bladder Small Intestine Ascending Colon • Endocrine: Right Kidney • Excretory: Right Kidney Umbilical Region • Digestive: Stomach Pancreas Small Intestine Transverse Colon • Endocrine: Pancreas Right & Left Kidneys • Excretory: Right & Left Kidneys Right & Left Ureters • Lymphatic: Cisterna chyli 5 9/9/2009 Left Lumbar Region • Digestive: Small Intestine Descending Colon • • Right Iliac Region • Digestive: Small Intestine Appendix Cecum & Ascending Colon Endocrine: Left Kidney (tip) • Endocrine: Right Ovary (Females) Excretory: Left Kidney (tip) • Reproductive: Female Right Ovary Right Fallopian Tube Male NONE Hypogastric Region Left Iliac Region • Digestive: Small Intestine Sigmoid Colon Rectum • Digestive: Small Intestine Descending Colon Sigmoid Colon • Endocrine: Right & Left Ovaries (Fem.) • Endocrine: Right Ovary (Females) • Excretory: Right & Left Ureters Urinary Bladder • • Reproductive: Female Uterus Right & Left Ovaries Right & Left Fallopian Tubes Male Vas Deferens Seminal Vessicle Prostate Reproductive: Female Left Ovary Left Fallopian Tube Male NONE 6 9/9/2009 Regional Terms – Specific Body Areas Anterior view Review Time! Regional Terms – Specific Body Areas Posterior View Question 1 When standing in the anatomical position, are the thumbs pointing medially (toward the midline) or laterally (away from the midline) 7 9/9/2009 ANSWER 1 Laterally! The body in the anatomical position always shows the thumbs pointing in the lateral direction. ANSWER 2 The neck. The first, or upper seven, vertebrae of the upper spinal column make up the cervical vertebrae. Question 2 Give the common name for the body part where you would wear a cervical collar. Question 3 Which quadrant would you find most off the th liver? li ? 8 9/9/2009 ANSWER 3 Question 4 The majority of the stomach is located primarily in which of the nine i abdominopelvic bd i l i regions? Right Upper Quadrant ANSWER 4 Left hypochondriac region Question 5 The urinary bladder is located in which of the abdominopelvic regions? 9 9/9/2009 ANSWER 5 Hypogastric region Question 6 Fill in the blank with the correct directional term. The hands are ________ to the elbows. ANSWER 6 The answer is…. distal. The hands are further away from the body than the wrist. Question 7 Answer the following: The lumbar region is (lateral or medial) to the umbilical region? 10 9/9/2009 ANSWER 7 Lateral. You will find the left and right lumbar region if you begin in the umbilical area and move laterally to the left or right. ANSWER 8 The liver is located to the right of the midline. Remember to “see” through the eyes of the patient when it comes to body orientation. Question 8 Is the liver located primarily to the left or right of the midline? Question 9 Which plane divides the body into cranial and caudal (head and tail) portions? 11 9/9/2009 ANSWER 9 The transverse plane is a crosswise plane that divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower parts. AKA: horizontal plane ANSWER 10 Question 10 Can you name the 7 specific body regions that make-up the cephalic region? End of Review The 7 facial regions are: 1. frontal – forehead 2. orbital – eye 3 otic – ear 3. 4. buccal – cheek 5. nasal – nose 6. oral – mouth 7. mental - chin 12