Download Body Regions Review Anatomical Position Supine versus Prone

9/9/2009
Body Regions Review
Anatomical Position
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Universal terms are used to
describe the body accurately and
result of this is that the right and
left sides of the body are mirror
images of each other.
Anatomical position shows the
body erect, head facing forward,
arms hanging at the sides
sides, palms
facing outward with the thumbs
pointing up and away from the
body, and the feet are slightly
apart pointing in the forward
direction.
The terms “right” and “left” refer to
the sides of the person being
viewed – not those of the
observer.
The fundamental divisions of the human body
Christine Sparks
Anatomy / Physiology I
Sept. 9, 2009
Supine versus Prone
Anatomical Planes
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Body in the supine, or facing up,
position.
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Body in the prone, or facing down,
position.
A sagittal plane, being a plane
parallel to the sagittal suture,
divides the body into (left and
right) portions.
A coronal or frontal plane
divides the body into dorsal
and
d ventral
t l (b
(back
k and
d ffront,
t or
posterior and anterior)
portions.
A transverse plane, also
known as an axial plane or
cross-section, divides the body
into cranial and caudal (head
and tail) portions.
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Directional terms help explain the
relationship of the different body structures.
Organs in the Regions
Digestive: prepares food molecules for use in the body
TERM
MEANING
EXAMPLE
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Anterior
Closer to the front
The knee cap is on the anterior side of the knee.
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Posterior
Closer to the back
The shoulder blades are posterior to the ribs.
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Superior
Inferior
Closer to the head
Closer to the feet
The heart is superior to the stomach.
The chest is inferior to the neck.
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Esophagus – accepts food from the pharynx
Stomach-reservoir storing food, passing it on to the intestines
Liver- consists of two lobes, converts glucose into glycogen and detoxifies
Pancreas – secretes enzymes into the duodenum via pancreatic duct
Small Intestine – site where digestion is completed and virtually all absorption occurs
Duodenum – first part of the small intestine
Colon – regions of the large intestine; includes ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid
Large intestine – part of the digestive system most responsible for absorption of water from food; it
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Cecum – beginning of the large intestine; a pouch that connects the ileum with the ascending colon
Ileum – main function is to absorb vitamin B12; terminal
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Appendix – a pouch connected to the cecum
Gallbladder – small pear-shaped organ that stores and
includes the cecum, appendix, colon, rectum and anal canal
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Medial
Lateral
Closer to the midline
Further from the midline
The big toe is medial to the 5th toe.
The thumb is on the lateral side of the hand.
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Superficial
Deep
Closer to the surface
Further from the surface
part of the sm. intestine b/t the jejunum and
the cecum
concentrates bile; it is connected to the liver
by the hypatic duct
The skin is superficial to muscle.
The lungs are deep to the ribs.
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Proximal
Distal
Closer to the trunk
Further from the trunk
The hip is proximal to the knee.
The wrist is distal to the elbow.
Organs in the Regions
Organs in the Regions
Endocrine: ductless glands that secrete chemical signals, hormones, into the blood
Lymphatic : two most important functions of the lymphatic system are (1) maintenance
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Thymus – lymphoid organ and endocrine gland active in immunity response
Hypothalamus – area of the brain that produces hormones that controls homeostatsis
Pituitary – loc. beneath the brain and controls the functions of the other endocrine glands
Pineal – believed to be the ‘time keeper’ of the biological clock and influences reproductive
of fluid balance in the internal environment and (2) immunity, protection of the body against
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Adrenal – hormone-producing glands located superior to the kidneys
Pancreas – loc. Behind stomach, b/w the spleen and duodenum, produces both endocrine and
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Ovaries – female gonad; female reproductive organ in which eggs are produced
T t – male
Testes
l gonad;
d male
l reproductive
d ti organ th
thatt produces
d
ttestosterone
t t
and
d llocated
t d outside
t id
both external and internal “enemies”, such as bacteria and abnormal cell growth
• Thymus – primary organ of the lymphatic system consisting of two pyramid-shaped lobes loc. just
behind the sternum. Provides an area for T-lymphocyte (group of white blood cells) maturation
function
exocrine secretions. (It has digestive and hormonal functions.)
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Spleen – has many functions, including defense, formation of blood cells (hematopoiesis), and red
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blood cell and platelet destruction, and serves as a reservoir for blood
Cisterna Chyli- the dilated part of the thoracic duct at its
origin in the lumbar region
the body cavity in the scrotum
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Organs in the Regions
Four Body Quadrants
Urinary : system primarily responsible for water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance and
removal of nitrogenous waste
• Kidney – one of a pair located on the right/left side of the abdomen which clears toxins from the
blood, regulates extra fluids, and produces urine; loc. retroperitoneal, behind the
peritoneum (a serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity) against the dorsal body wall
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• The body is divided into
four different quadrants:
Ureter – a tube that carries urine down from the kidney to the bladder
Urinary bladder – muscular sac located in the pelvis that stores urine and contracts to expel
from the body
RUQ – Right
g Upper
pp Quadrant
LUQ - Left Upper Quadrant
RLQ – Right Lower Quadrant
LLQ – Left Lower Quadrant
Right Upper Quadrant - RUQ
• Part of the small intestine including
the descending duodenum
• Upper ascending colon
• Most of the liver
• Gallbladder
• Bile ducts
• Head of pancreas
• Right adrenal gland
• Right kidney
• Upper part of right ureter
Left Upper Quadrant - LUQ
• Ascending part of
duodenum
• Upper descending colon
• Left half of transverse colon
• Spleen
• Small part of liver
• Left adrenal gland
• Upper part of left ureter
• Stomach
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Right Lower Quadrant - RLQ
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Left Lower Quadrant - LLQ
• Lower descending
colon
• Small intestine
(part of ileum))
(p
• Lower part of left
ureter
• Part of Urinary
bladder
• Sex Organs
Lower ascending colon
Cecum
Appendix
Lower right ureter
Ileum
Part of Urinary bladder
Sex Organs
Right Hypochondriac Region
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Latin meanings:
chondros = cartilage
Epi = upon, above
hypo = under
gastric = stomach
lumbus = loin
umbilicus = navel
iliac = superior part of the hip bone
hypo + chondros = hypochondriac
epi + gastric = epigastric
hypo + gastric =
hypogastric
Digestive:
Liver
Gall Bladder
Small Intestine
Ascending Colon
Transverse Colon
Endocrine:
Right Kidney
Excretory:
Right Kidney
( under cartilage)
(above stomach)
(under stomach)
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Epigastric Region
Left Hypochondriac Region
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Digestive:
Esophagus
Stomach
Liver
Pancreas
Small Intestine
Transverse Colon
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Digestive:
Stomach
Liver (tip)
Pancreas (tail of)
Small Intestine
Transverse Colon
Descending Colon
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Endocrine:
Right & Left Adrenal Glands
Pancreas
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Endocrine:
Pancreas
Left Kidney
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Circulatory:
Aorta
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Excretory:
Left Kidney
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Lymphatic:
Spleen
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Lymphatic:
Spleen
Right Lumbar Region
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Digestive:
Liver (tip)
Gall Bladder
Small Intestine
Ascending Colon
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Endocrine:
Right Kidney
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Excretory:
Right Kidney
Umbilical Region
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Digestive:
Stomach
Pancreas
Small Intestine
Transverse Colon
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Endocrine:
Pancreas
Right & Left Kidneys
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Excretory:
Right & Left Kidneys
Right & Left Ureters
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Lymphatic:
Cisterna chyli
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Left Lumbar Region
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Digestive:
Small Intestine
Descending Colon
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Right Iliac Region
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Digestive:
Small Intestine
Appendix
Cecum & Ascending Colon
Endocrine:
Left Kidney (tip)
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Endocrine:
Right Ovary (Females)
Excretory:
Left Kidney (tip)
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Reproductive:
Female Right Ovary
Right Fallopian Tube
Male NONE
Hypogastric Region
Left Iliac Region
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Digestive:
Small Intestine
Sigmoid Colon
Rectum
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Digestive:
Small Intestine
Descending Colon
Sigmoid Colon
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Endocrine:
Right & Left Ovaries (Fem.)
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Endocrine:
Right Ovary (Females)
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Excretory:
Right & Left Ureters
Urinary Bladder
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Reproductive:
Female Uterus
Right & Left Ovaries
Right & Left Fallopian Tubes
Male Vas Deferens
Seminal Vessicle
Prostate
Reproductive:
Female Left Ovary
Left Fallopian Tube
Male NONE
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Regional Terms – Specific Body Areas
Anterior view
Review Time!
Regional Terms – Specific Body Areas
Posterior View
Question 1
When standing in the
anatomical position, are the
thumbs pointing
medially (toward the midline)
or
laterally (away from the midline)
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ANSWER
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Laterally!
The body in the
anatomical position
always shows the
thumbs pointing in
the lateral direction.
ANSWER 2
The neck.
The first, or upper
seven, vertebrae
of the upper spinal
column make up
the cervical
vertebrae.
Question 2
Give the common
name for the
body
part where you
would wear a
cervical collar.
Question 3
Which quadrant
would you find most
off the
th liver?
li ?
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ANSWER 3
Question 4
The majority of the
stomach is located
primarily in which of the
nine
i abdominopelvic
bd i
l i
regions?
Right Upper
Quadrant
ANSWER 4
Left
hypochondriac
region
Question 5
The urinary bladder is
located in which of
the abdominopelvic
regions?
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ANSWER 5
Hypogastric
region
Question 6
Fill in the blank with the
correct directional term.
The hands are ________
to the elbows.
ANSWER 6
The answer is….
distal.
The hands are
further away from
the body than the
wrist.
Question 7
Answer the following:
The lumbar region is
(lateral or medial)
to the
umbilical region?
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ANSWER 7
Lateral.
You will find
the left and right
lumbar region if you
begin in the umbilical
area and move
laterally to the left or
right.
ANSWER 8
The liver is located
to the right of the
midline.
Remember to “see”
through the eyes of
the patient when it
comes to body
orientation.
Question 8
Is the liver
located primarily
to the
left or right
of the midline?
Question 9
Which plane divides the
body into cranial and
caudal (head and tail)
portions?
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ANSWER 9
The
transverse plane
is a crosswise plane
that divides the body
or any of its parts
into upper and lower
parts.
AKA: horizontal plane
ANSWER 10
Question 10
Can you name the
7
specific body regions
that make-up
the
cephalic region?
End of Review
The 7 facial regions are:
1. frontal – forehead
2. orbital – eye
3 otic – ear
3.
4. buccal – cheek
5. nasal – nose
6. oral – mouth
7. mental - chin
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