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9/20/09
Quiz
Biology
Chapter 1 The Science of Life
Chapter Concepts:
1. What is organization and cells? Organization is the high degree of order within an
organism’s internal and external parts and in its interactions with the living world.
For example, an owl is an amazingly organized individual. Owls of the same
species have the same body parts arranged in nearly the same way and interact
with the environment in the same way.
A cell is the smallest unit that can perform all of life’s processes. Some
organisms are unicellular (made up of one cell) and others are multicellular (made
up of multiple cells).
2. What is response to stimuli? Stimulus is a physical or chemical change in the
internal or external environment. Organisms must be able to respond and react to
changes in their environment to stay alive.
3. What is homeostasis? Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable level of internal
conditions even though environmental conditions are constantly changing.
4. What is metabolism? Living organisms use energy to power all the life processes,
such as repair, movement, and growth. This energy use depends on metabolism.
Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions that take in and transform
energy and materials form the environment.
5. What is growth and development? All living things grow and increase in size. The
growth of living things results from the division and enlargement of cells. In
unicellular organisms, cell division takes place and following cell division is cell
enlargement. In multicellular organisms, cell division takes place, then cell
enlargement and lastly development. Development is the process by which an
organism becomes a mature adult.
6. What is reproduction? Reproduction is not essential for the survival of the
organism. However, because no organism lives forever, reproduction is essential
for the continuation of a species.
During reproduction, organisms transmit hereditary information, which is
encoded in a large molecule called DNA, to their offspring.
There are two types of reproduction: sexual reproduction and asexual
reproduction. In sexual reproduction, hereditary information recombines from two
organisms of the same species. In asexual reproduction, hereditary information is
exactly the same in the original organism and the new organism.
7. What is change through time? Change through time is evolution. This ability is
essential for survival in a changing world.
8. How does biology affect a person’s daily life? Biology, the study of life, directly
applies to your health, life, and future in ways as simple as daily food choices.
9. How does biology affect society? Biology directly applies to solving real-world
issues and problems, including improving our food supply, curing diseases and
preserving our environment.
10. Name the characteristics shared by living things. The seven characteristics shared
by living things are organization and the presence of one or more cells, response
to a stimulus, homeostasis, metabolism, growth and development, reproduction,
and change through time.
Biology
9/20/09
Quiz
11. Summarize the hierarchy of organization found in complex multicellular
organisms. (Smallest to biggest) Atom, biological molecule, organelle, cell, tissue,
organ, organism.
12. What are the different functions of homeostasis and metabolism in living
organisms? (Refer to numbers 3 and 4)
13. How does the growth among living and nonliving things differ? Some nonliving
things such as crystals or icicles grow by accumulating more of the same material
of which they are made. In contrast, the growth and development of living things
result from the division and enlargement of cells.
14. Why is reproduction an important characteristic of life? Reproduction is an
important characteristic of life for the continuation of species.
15. Name three unifying themes found in biology.
a. Genetic code
b. The presence of organelles that carry out all cellular activities
c. The “tree of life”
16. How is the unity and diversity in the living world represented? The “tree of life”
represents the unity in the diversity of life. Scientists think that all living things
have descended with modification from a single ancestor. Thus, all of life is
connected. Yet, there are many different lineages representing different species.
17. Identify the three domains and the kingdoms found in each domain.
a. Domain Bacteria: Bacteria
b. Domain Archaea: Archae
c. Domain Eukarya: Protists, plants, fungi, animals
18. How are organisms interdependent? Organisms depend on each other as well as
on minerals, nutrients, water, gases, heat, and other elements of their physical
surroundings.
19. Describe why evolution is important in explaining the diversity of life. Evolution
as a theme in biology helps us understand how the various branches of the “tree of
life” came to exist and have changed over time. It also explains how organisms
alive today are related to those that lived in the past. Finally, it helps us
understand the mechanisms that underlie the way organisms look and behave.
20. Distinguish between evolution and natural selection. (Refer to vocabulary)
21. What two principles make the scientific method a unique process?
a. Events in the natural world have natural causes.
b. Uniformity, which is the idea that the fundamental laws of nature operate
the same way at all places and at all times.
22. Define the roles of observations and hypotheses in science.
23. Summarize the parts of a controlled experiment.
24. Summarize how we make conclusions about the results of an experiment.
Biology
9/20/09
Quiz
25. Why is the phrase, “it’s just a theory” misleading? People may say “It’s just a
theory” suggesting that an idea is untested, but scientists view a theory as a highly
tested, generally accepted principle that explains a vast number of observations
and experimental data.
26. Give another example of a conflict of interest.
Vocabulary:
Biology: the study of life
Organization: the high degree of order within an organism’s internal and external parts
and in its interactions with the living world
Cell: in biology, the smallest unit that can perform all life processes; cells are covered by
a membrane and contain DNA and cytoplasm
Unicellular: describes an organism that consists of a single cell
Multicellular: describes a tissue, organ, or organism that is made of cells
Organ: a collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body
Tissue: a collection of specialized cells and cell products that perform a specific function
Organelle: one of the mall bodies that are found in the cytoplasm of a cell and that are
specialized to perform a specific function
Biological molecule: chem. Compound that provides physical structure and brings about
movement, energy use, and other cellular functions
Homeostasis: the steady-state physiological condition of the body
Metabolism: the sum of all chemical processes that occur in an organism
Cell division: the formation of two cells from one existing cell
Development: the gene-directed process by which an organism matures
Reproduction: the process of producing offspring
Gene: a short segment of DNA that contains the instructions for a single trait
Domain: in modern taxonomic system, the broadest category; the category that contains
kingdoms
Kingdom: in a traditional taxonomic system, the highest taxonomic category, which
contains a group of similar phyla
Ecology: the study of the interactions between organisms and the other living and
nonliving components of their environment
Ecosystem: a community of organisms and their abiotic environment
Evolution: a heritable change in the characteristics within a population from one
generation to the next; the development of new types of organisms from preexisting types
of organisms over time
Natural selection: the process by which individuals that are better adapted to their
environment survive and reproduce more successfully than less well adapted individuals
do; a theory to explain the mechanism of evolution
Adaptation: the process of becoming adapted to an environment; an anatomical,
physiological, or behavioral trait that improves an organism’s ability to survive and
reproduce
Biology
9/20/09
Quiz
Scientific method: the series of steps followed to solve problems, including collecting
data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions
Observation: the process of obtaining information by using the senses; the information
obtained by using the senses
Hypothesis: in science, an idea or explanation that is based on observations and that can
be tested
Prediction: a statement made in advance that expresses the results that will be obtained
form testing a hypothesis if the hypothesis is supported; the expected outcome if a
hypothesis is accurate
Experiment: a procedure that is carried out under controlled conditions to discover,
demonstrate, or test a fact, theory, or general truth
Control group: in an experiment, a group that serves as a standard of comparison with
another group to which the control group is identical except for one factor
Experimental group: in an experiment, a group that is identical to a control group except
for one factor and that is compared with the control group
Independent variable: in an experiment, the factor that is deliberately manipulated, also
called the manipulated variable
Dependent variable: in an experiment, the factor that changes as a result of manipulation
of one or more other factors; also called a responding variable
Theory: an explanation for some phenomenon that is based on observation,
experimentation, and reasoning; that is supported by a large quantity of evidence; and
that does not conflict with any existing experimental results or observations
Peer review: the process in which experts in a given field examine the results and
conclusions of a scientist’s study before that study is accepted for publication