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LOWER LIMB BONES
Today’s Study Plan:
Review of General Anaomical Topics
Review of Upper Limb bones
Lower Limb bones
Quiz
Lab hour
Quiz
Anatomical Position
•
• Anatomists and physiologist look at the human body from this standard
starting point known as the anatomical position.
•
• The human body standing erect
• Face facing forward
• Arms by the sides
• Palms facing forward
• Legs straight
• Feet flat on the floor and turn out very slightly
Anatomical Planes
The anatomical position is further standardized by dividing the body into three
anatomical planes. A plane is an imaginary flat surface passing through the body or
organ which divides the structure.
1) Frontal (Coronal) Plane: is vertical and extends from one side of the body to the
other. It divides the body into front and back sections.
2) Sagittal (Medial) Plane: is vertical and extends from the front of the body to the
back. It divides the body into right and left sections.
3) Transverse (Horizontal) Plane: is horizontal and divides the
body into upper and lower segments.
What is «Right angle»?
What is «Perpendicular»?
Axes of Rotation (3 Primary Axes of Rotation)
The human body is also divided into anatomical axes Axis of rotation is
an imaginary line (point of rotation) that passes through a joint or the
body to describe the movement.
1. Horizontal (Medio-Lateral) Axis:
Runs from side to side
Perpendicular to Sagittal Plane
Typically flexion/extension
3 Primary Axes of Rotation
2. Antero-Posterior (Sagittal) Axis:
Runs from front to back
Perpendicular to the Coronal Plane
Typically abduction/adduction movements
3. Longitudinal (Vertical) Axis:
Runs straight through the top of the head down between the
feet
Perpendicular to the Transverse Plane
Typically a rotation type of movement
Summary of the three planes and axes of
rotation
QUO VADIS?
Surface Anatomy
• Gluteal region /
posterior pelvis
• Iliac crest
• Gluteus maximus
• Cheeks
• Natal/gluteal cleft
• Vertical midline;
“Crack”
• Gluteal folds
• Bottom of cheek;
“prominence”
Surface Anatomy
• Anterior leg bones
• Tibia
•
•
•
•
Tibial tuberosity
Anterior crest
Medial surface
Medial malleolus
• Fibula
• Lateral malleolus
Bones of the Lower Limb
• Function:
•
•
•
•
Locomotion
Carry weight of entire erect body
Support
Points for muscular attachments
• Components:
• Thigh
• Femur
• Knee
• Patella
• Leg
• Tibia (medial)
• Fibula (lateral)
• Foot
• Tarsals (7)
• Metatarsals (5)
• Phalanges (14)
Thigh
• Femur
• Largest, longest,
strongest bone in the
body!!
• Receives a lot of stress
• Courses medially
• More in women!
• Articulates with
acetabulum proximally
• Articulates with tibia and
patella distally
Knee
• Patella
• Triangular sesamoid
bone
• Protects knee joint
• Improves leverage of
thigh muscles acting
across the knee
• Contained within patellar
ligament
Leg
• Tibia
• Receives the weight of body from
femur and transmits to foot
• Second to femur in size and weight
• Articulates with fibula proximally
and distally
• Interosseous membrane
• Fibula
•
•
•
•
Does NOT bear weight
Muscle attachment
Not part of knee joint
Stabilize ankle joint
Foot
• Function:
• Supports the weight of the
body
• Act as a lever to propel the
body forward
• Parts:
• Tarsals
• Talus = ankle
• Between tibia and fibula
• Articulates with both
• Calcaneus = heel
• Attachment for Calcaneal
tendon
• Carries talus
• Navicular
• Cuboid
• Medial, lateral and
intermediate cuneiforms
• Metatarsals
• Phalanges
Foot
• 3 arches
• Medial
• Lateral
• Transverse
Longitudinal
• Has tendons that run
inferior to foot bones
• Help support arches of
foot
• Function
• Recoil after stepping
Appendicular Skeleton
Pelvic Girdle
and
Lower Limb
Sacrum
ilium
sacroiliac joint
iliac
fossa
ischium
acetabulum
pubis
pubic symphysis
Pelvic Girdle
obturator foramen
HIP BONE
anterior superior
iliac spine
iliac crest
greater sciatic
notch
ischial spine
ischial tuberosity
lesser sciatic notch
Anterior Femur
head
patellar surface
neck
fovea capitis
Posterior Femur
lesser trochanter
medial epicondyle
gluteal tuberosity
medial condyle
linea aspera
Intercondylar fossa
greater trochanter
lateral condyle
lateral epicondyle
Tibia
medial condyle
medial malleolus
anterior crest
lateral condyle
tibial tuberosity
Fibula
lateral malleolus
head
Patella
Foot
Digits (5)
Metatarsals (5)
Tarsals (7)
Talus
Calcaneus
Hallux (Great Toe)
1
3
Name of the Individual Phalanx
Os coxae
• or coxal bones or hip bones or pelvic bones
• Right + left coxal bones join each other anteriorly
+ sacrum posteriorly pelvic girdle
• Pelvis (= basin) includes pelvic girdle + coccyx
Sacrum + Coccyx
• Distal parts of axial
skeleton
• Highly modified vertebrae
• 5 sacral vertebrae fused
into single bone, sacrum
• Coccyx, or tailbone,
consist of 3-5 more or less
fused vertebrae
Pelvic girdle
32
Pelvis
• Each coxal bone is formed by fusion of 3 bones during
development: Ilium, Ischium, and Pubis
• Iliac crest + spine: superior part of ilium
• Sciatic notch: post side of ilium, sciatic nerve passes here
• Ischial tuberosity: attachment of post thigh muscles
• Pubic crest + tubercle: attachment of abdominal muscles
• Pubic crest can be felt anteriorly
• Pubic symphysis: joint between both coxal bones
Coxal bone
36
Acetabulum
• Fossa located on surface of
each coxal bone
• Articulates with femur
hip joint
• Articular surface is crescent
shaped and occupies only the
sup + lat aspects of the fossa
• Acetabulum means a shallow
vinegar cup, a common
household item in ancient times
Gluteal injections
• Large gluteal muscle common site
for intramuscular injection
• Large sciatic nerve lies deep injection in superolateral region of
hip
• Landmarks are anterior superior
iliac spine + tubercle of iliac crest
Gateways to lower limb
Summary: Pelvic girdle
• Place of attachment for lower limbs
• Supports the weight of body
• Protects internal organs
• Is complete bony ring much more stable than shoulder
girdle but less mobility
• Protects developing fetus in woman + forms passageway for
fetus during delivery
Ilium
Ischium
Differences btw
Male and female pelvis
Right Femur
anterior
tibia
42
posterior
Femur
• Long bone of thigh having
•
•
•
•
Proximal head
Greater + lesser trochanters
Shaft w linea aspera posteriorly
Distal end w medial + lateral condyles
• Head articulates with acetalbulum forming hip joint
• Condyles articulate w
• tibia forming tibiofemoral joint
• Patella forming patellofemoral joint
• Both being part of knee joint
• Primary ossification in utero
Stages• upper
ofepiphysis
ossification
in femur
head at 1 y
• greater trochanter at 4 y
• lesser trochanter at 12 y
Patella
• Large sesamoid bone located
within tendon of quadriceps
femoris muscle group
• Articulates w patella groove of
femur
• Holds tendon away from distal
end of femur change tendon
angle thus increasing forces that
can applied on muscle to tibia less muscle contraction is
required to move tibia
46
Talus
Tibia
• medial bone of leg having
• Proximal expanded tibial condyles
• Shaft w tibial tuberosity anteriorly and sharp
• Lateral facing interosseus border
• Distal end w medial malleous
• Proximally med + lat tibial condyles articulate w
• Medial + lateral femoral condyles forming knee joint
• Facet below lateral condyle articulates w head of fibula forming superior
tibiofibular joint
• Distally articulates w
• Fibula inferior tibiofibular joint
• Talus ankle joint
Fibula
• lateral bone of leg having
• Proximal head
• Irregular shaft w sharp medial facing interosseous border
• Expanded distal end w lateral malleolus projecting inferiorly
• articulates w
• tibia superior + inferior tibiofibular joint
• Talus ankle joint
Surface anatomy showing bones
of lower limb
49
Bones of the
foot
Bones
• Phalanges
• Metatarsals
• Tarsal bones
– 7 in 2 rows + 1 bone
in between
Joints
Ligaments
Deep transverse
metatarsal ligament
Bones of the foot
52
How to learn the 7 tarsal names?
• Talus
• Calcaneus
• Navicular
• Cuneiforms: medial, intermediate, lateral
• Cuboid
Mnemonic for distal row is MILC:
medial, intermediate, lateral cuneiforms + Cuboid
Mnemonic for proximal 3 bones is: No Thanks Cow
That is Navicular, Talus, Calcaneus
• Bones of foot do not lie flat in single plane • Longitudinal + transverse arches of the foot
• Arches are flexible; absorb and transmit forces during standing
and walking