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Femur longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the body Proximally: articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone forming the hip joint Distally: articulate with the condyles of the tibia forming the knee joint Surface Features of Femur * Proximal end 1. Head: (1/2 sphere) 2. Neck 3. Greater trochanter: (Lateral) 4. Lesser trochanter: (inferior and medial) 5. Intertrochanteric line: (Anterior) 6. Intertrochanteric crest: (Posterior) 7. Gluteal tuberosity: (inferior to the intertrochanteric crest * Shaft 1. Linea Aspera: (posterior) * Distal end 1. Femoral Condyles 2. Femoral epicondyles 3. Intercondylar fossa (Posterior) 4. patellar surface (Anterior) Tibia Tibia: Located medially weight-bearing bone of the leg Surface features: * Proximal end: 1. Tibial condyles 2. Tibial tuberosity: (anterior, patellar ligament) 3. Intercondylar eminence: (upward projection) * Distal end 1. Medial malleolus (Medial, articulate with talus) 2. fibular notch (Lateral) Fibula 1. 2. Slender bone, smaller than tibia: (No articulation with femur) Located laterally Features: Head: Proximal end Lateral malleolus: (articulate with talus) Bones of the foot 7 Tarsal bones 1. Talus (ankle= )كاحل 2. Calcaneus (heel= )كعب 3. Navicular (little boat) 4. Medial Cuneiform (wedge-shape) 5. Intermediate Cuneiform 6. Lateral Cuneiform 7. Cuboid Muscle tissue There are four characteristics associated with muscle tissue: Excitability - Tissue can receive & respond to stimulation Contractility - Tissue can shorten & thicken Extensibility - Tissue can lengthen Elasticity - After contracting or lengthening, tissue always wants to return to its resting state Types of muscle tissue: Skeletal muscle tissue • Associated with & attached to the skeleton • Under our conscious (voluntary) control • Microscopically the tissue appears striated • Cells are long, cylindrical & multinucleated Connective tissue component Dense irregular CT Dense irregular CT Surrounded by perimysium 10-100 muscle fibers Reticular fiber Surrounded by epimysium Surrounded by endomysium Microanatomy of a Muscle Fiber (Cell) Transverse (T) tubules: (invaginations of the sarcolemma), spread of action potential Sarcoplasm: contains myoglobin (oxygen binding and release) Sarcoplasmic sarcolemma (plasma membrane) reticulum: (Ca+2 Terminal stores) cisternae: Dilated sacs mitochondria thick myofilament thin myofilament Myofibril: arranged in compartments called sarcomeres nuclei triad