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Personality Disorders. Causes Research suggests that genetics, abuse and other factors contribute to the development of obsessive-compulsive, narcissistic or other personality disorders. In the past, some believed that people with personality disorders were just lazy or even evil. But new research has begun to explore such potential causes as genetics, parenting and peer influences: Genetics. Researchers are beginning to identify some possible genetic factors behind personality disorders. One team, for instance, has identified a malfunctioning gene that may be a factor in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Other researchers are exploring genetic links to aggression, anxiety and fear — traits that can play a role in personality disorders. Childhood trauma. Findings from one of the largest studies of personality disorders, the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study, offer clues about the role of childhood experiences. One study found a link between the number and type of childhood traumas and the development of personality disorders. People with borderline personality disorder, for example, had especially high rates of childhood sexual trauma. Verbal abuse. Even verbal abuse can have an impact. In a study of 793 mothers and children, researchers asked mothers if they had screamed at their children, told them they didn’t love them or threatened to send them away. Children who had experienced such verbal abuse were three times as likely as other children to have borderline, narcissistic, obsessive-compulsive or paranoid personality disorders in adulthood. High reactivity. Sensitivity to light, noise, texture and other stimuli may also play a role. Overly sensitive children, who have what researchers call “high reactivity,” are more likely to develop shy, timid or anxious personalities. However, high reactivity’s role is still far from clear-cut. Twenty percent of infants are highly reactive, but less than 10 percent go on to develop social phobias. Peers. Certain factors can help prevent children from developing personality disorders. Even a single strong relationship with a relative, teacher or friend can offset negative influences, say psychologists. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th Revision (DSM-5). According to DSM-5, a personality disorder can be diagnosed if there are significant impairments in self and interpersonal functioning together with one or more pathological personality traits. In addition, these features must be (1) relatively stable across time and consistent across situations, (2) not better understood as normative for the individual’s developmental stage or socio-cultural environment, and (3) not solely due to the direct effects of a substance or general medical condition. DSM-5 lists ten personality disorders, and allocates each to one of three groups or ‘clusters’: A, B, or C Cluster A (Odd, bizarre, eccentric) Paranoid PD, Schizoid PD, Schizotypal PD Cluster B (Dramatic, erratic) Antisocial PD, Borderline PD, Histrionic PD, Narcissistic PD Cluster C (Anxious, fearful) Avoidant PD, Dependent PD, Obsessive-compulsive PD Before going on to characterize these ten personality disorders, it should be emphasized that they are more the product of historical observation than of scientific study, and thus that they are rather vague and imprecise constructs. As a result, they rarely present in their classic ‘textbook’ form, but instead tend to blur into one another. Their division into three clusters in DSM-5 is intended to reflect this tendency, with any given personality disorder most likely to blur with other personality disorders within its cluster. Cluster A personality disorders Cluster A personality disorders are characterized by odd, eccentric thinking or behavior. They include paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder and schizotypal personality disorder. It's not necessary to exhibit all the signs and symptoms listed for a disorder to be diagnosed. Paranoid personality disorder Pervasive distrust and suspicion of others and their motives Unjustified belief that others are trying to harm or deceive you Unjustified suspicion of the loyalty or trustworthiness of others Hesitant to confide in others due to unreasonable fear that others will use the information against you Perception of innocent remarks or nonthreatening situations as personal insults or attacks Angry or hostile reaction to perceived slights or insults Tendency to hold grudges Unjustified, recurrent suspicion that spouse or sexual partner is unfaithful Schizoid personality disorder Lack of interest in social or personal relationships, preferring to be alone Limited range of emotional expression Inability to take pleasure in most activities Inability to pick up normal social cues Appearance of being cold or indifferent to others Little or no interest in having sex with another person Schizotypal personality disorder Peculiar dress, thinking, beliefs, speech or behavior Odd perceptual experiences, such as hearing a voice whisper your name Flat emotions or inappropriate emotional responses Social anxiety and a lack of or discomfort with close relationships Indifferent, inappropriate or suspicious response to others "Magical thinking" — believing you can influence people and events with your thoughts Belief that certain casual incidents or events have hidden messages meant specifically for you Cluster B personality disorders Cluster B personality disorders are characterized by dramatic, overly emotional or unpredictable thinking or behavior. They include antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder and narcissistic personality disorder. It's not necessary to exhibit all the signs and symptoms listed for a disorder to be diagnosed. Antisocial personality disorder Disregard for others' needs or feelings Persistent lying, stealing, using aliases, conning others Recurring problems with the law Repeated violation of the rights of others Aggressive, often violent behavior Disregard for the safety of self or others Impulsive behavior Consistently irresponsible Lack of remorse for behavior Borderline personality disorder Impulsive and risky behavior, such as having unsafe sex, gambling or binge eating Unstable or fragile self-image Unstable and intense relationships Up and down moods, often as a reaction to interpersonal stress Suicidal behavior or threats of self-injury Intense fear of being alone or abandoned Ongoing feelings of emptiness Frequent, intense displays of anger Stress-related paranoia that comes and goes Histrionic personality disorder Constantly seeking attention Excessively emotional, dramatic or sexually provocative to gain attention Speaks dramatically with strong opinions, but few facts or details to back them up Easily influenced by others Shallow, rapidly changing emotions Excessive concern with physical appearance Thinks relationships with others are closer than they really are Narcissistic personality disorder Belief that you're special and more important than others Fantasies about power, success and attractiveness Failure to recognize others' needs and feelings Exaggeration of achievements or talents Expectation of constant praise and admiration Arrogance Unreasonable expectations of favors and advantages, often taking advantage of others Envy of others or belief that others envy you Cluster C personality disorders Cluster C personality disorders are characterized by anxious, fearful thinking or behavior. They include avoidant personality disorder, dependent personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. It's not necessary to exhibit all the signs and symptoms listed for a disorder to be diagnosed. Avoidant personality disorder Too sensitive to criticism or rejection Feeling inadequate, inferior or unattractive Avoidance of work activities that require interpersonal contact Social inhibition, timidity and isolation, especially avoiding new activities or meeting strangers Extreme shyness in social situations and personal relationships Fear of disapproval, embarrassment or ridicule Dependent personality disorder Excessive dependence on others and feels the need to be taken care of Submissive or clingy behavior toward others Fear of having to provide self-care or fend for yourself if left alone Lack of self-confidence, requiring excessive advice and reassurance from others to make even small decisions Difficulty starting or doing projects on own due to lack of self-confidence Difficulty disagreeing with others, fearing disapproval Tolerance of poor or abusive treatment, even when other options are available Urgent need to start a new relationship when a close one has ended Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder isn't the same as obsessive-compulsive disorder, a type of anxiety disorder. Preoccupation with details, orderliness and rules Extreme perfectionism, resulting in dysfunction and distress when perfection is not achieved, such as feeling unable to finish a project because you don't meet your own strict standards Desire to be in control of people, tasks and situations and inability to delegate tasks Neglect of friends and enjoyable activities because of excessive commitment to work or a project Inability to discard broken or worthless objects Rigid and stubborn Inflexible about morality, ethics or values Tight, miserly control over budgeting and spending money Cartoon Characters with Personality Disorders 1. Charlie Brown: Avoidant Personality Disorder The disorder: According to Medline Plus, “People with this disorder cannot stop thinking about their own shortcomings. They form relationships with other people only if they believe they will not be rejected. Loss and rejection are so painful that these people choose to be lonely rather than risk trying to connect with others.” 2. Calvin (schizophrenia) Calvin is a six-year old boy from the famous comic strip Calvin and Hobbes, with a stuffed tiger named Hobbes. Calvin believes that Hobbes comes to life when no one else is around, helping him fight enemies, complete science projects and reflect upon philosophies of life. While this seems as simple as a child with imaginary friends, it could something deeper: Calvin might be suffering from schizophrenia. He hallucinates constantly about huge adventures with his tiger. It might not be as harmless as a child’s hyperactive imagination, since Calvin is too enamored in his imagined world. 3. Bugs Bunny (Borderline Personality Disorder) Bugs Bunny from the Looney Tunes is a very popular cartoon character, with his funny antics and crazy disguises. But he also shows signs of mood swings and impulsive behaviors, leading to the implication that he might have Borderline Personality Disorder. He is very vindictive, and it is extraordinary how calmly he performs acts of cruelty or violence, along with the fact that he adopts different disguises, as parts of his cons to escape being shot. All these traits are manifestations of his Anti-Social tendencies. Many of the other Looney Tunes characters, too, have mental disorders. 4. Marvin the Martian (Antisocial Personality Disorder) This little man from Mars with a pet dog has the megalomaniacal ambition to conquer the world and is possibly trying to compensate for his stature, indicating that he suffers from Napoleon Complex. In the process, he can, without remorse, disintegrate anyone who comes in his way, with a calmness that only shows his Antisocial Personality Disorder, further explaining his disregard for safety. Strangely, he believes he can singlehandedly take over the entire earth, an impossible task even with the most advanced technology at his disposal, clearly stating that he has Delusional Disorder. 1. Anna Nicole Smith A number of psychologists claim that Smith exhibited many of the symptoms of histrionic personality disorder. The public watched as she displayed excessive emotions, abused drugs, had promiscuous sex, and always had to be the center of attention. Famous People with Personality Disorders 2. Angelina Jolie-Pitt Beautiful and talented, Jolie voluntarily checked herself into a treatment facility in the late 1990s, claiming she had experienced both suicidal and homicidal thoughts. Although she had no intention of acting on these thoughts, she realized that she needed help. She was diagnosed with "presumptive borderline personality disorder". 3. Adolf Hitler Okay, not a celebrity, but definitely a famous (or infamous) person. There has been much speculation about Hitler's psychiatric profile over the years. In his book, Hitler: Diagnosis of a Destructive Prophet, author Fritz Redlich concludes that the genocidal leader showed strong symptoms of paranoid personality disorder as well as narcissistic personality disorder symptoms. 4. Marilyn Monroe During her short life, Monroe exhibited sexual promiscuity, suicidal thoughts, substance abuse, and fear of abandonment – all hallmarks of borderline personality disorder. 5. Steve Jobs The late CEO of Apple Computer Corporation suffered from obsessive compulsive personality disorder. According to an article in Slate Magazine, Jobs' OCPD is "what made him great". The article lists other famous "greats' who suffered from the same personality disorder. Read the rest of it here. 6. David Beckham According to at least one source, the handsome and famous soccer star suffers from dependent personality disorder. While certainly not financially dependent on anyone, Beckham has shown excessive clinginess in his relationship, a low selfesteem, inability to cope with certain situations by himself.