Download Review readings, PowerPoints and notes to find correct

Review readings, PowerPoints and notes to find correct answers.
Mr. Noble
Psychology 1
2009-10
SEMESTER I FINAL STUDY GUIDE
NOTE:
1 Exam Questions and correct responses are based upon information in the PowerPoints, handouts/readings, notes, activities &/or discussion.
2 140 Items on Exam.
Multiple Choice
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Choose the most correct response to the following questions/statements.
___ is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
Sam E. Smith is being studied, in-depth, over a period of one year, with weekly sessions and analysis in order to determine his
readjustment level after release from the state hospital into mainstream society. This most represents which research method?
Expectations of the observer that may distort/influence her or his interpretation of what was actually observed, may lead toward __.
___ psychology is/are concerned with (among other things) the effects of drugs on the nervous system, development of the nervous
system, gender differences in brain structure and function.
___ psychology specializes in diagnosing and treating psychological disorders.
Industrial and Organizational Psychology involves ___.
___ psychologists study anxiety, sociability, self-esteem, need for achievement and/or aggressiveness.
Experimental psychologists study ___.
Maria I. Sanchez-Garcia, Ph.D. has proposed a study to test the hypothesis that drug therapy leads to greater decreases in depressive
symptoms than does cognitive-behavioral therapy. In the study, 100 patients from a local psychiatric hospital who had been
diagnosed with severe depression were randomly assigned to receive either six months of cognitive-behavioral treatment or six
months of drug therapy. All patients were housed at the hospital for the entire six months and received weekly treatments of the
prescribed type. After six months of treatment, depression symptoms were assessed. This most represents which research method?
Margar Ette, PsyD. has prepared an extensive questionnaire designed to determine the level of caffeine intake among high school
students in suburban schools in order to identify any growing trends in consumption behaviors among adolescents. This most
represents which research method?
___ psychologists study how people influence one another, including the following areas: first impressions, interpersonal attraction,
attitude formation, prejudice, and behavior in a group.
The study of physical and mental growth from birth to old age is which subfield of Psychology?
Dr. Batholomina Borgagh has designed a study to determine the degree of relationship between two or more—in this case, a study
of the relationship between aggression and playing violent video games. This most represents which research method?
___ is a simple form of learning in which a specific pattern of behaviors is learned in the presence of well-defined stimuli
In Ivan Pavlov’s original experiment on classical conditioning, the Unconditioned Response (UR) was ___.
When advertisers pair their products with attractive people or enjoyable surroundings, in the hope that the pairings will cause their
products to cause good feelings, they are using principles from ___.
___ is the process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior.
According to the excerpt from “The Lucifer Effect,” from what other event--in 2004--did Dr. Zimbardo draw parallels to his 1971
Stanford Prison Experiment?
According to the excerpt from “The Lucifer Effect,” Dr. Zimbardo clearly theorized that ___.
Negative Reinforcement is ___.
The Skinner Box tested ___.
Based upon your readings, “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll
guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select--doctor, lawyer, artist, merchantchief, and, yes, even beggar man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his
ancestors,” is associated with which of the following theorists?
According to the article “It's All in the Upbringing,” when Professor John B. Watson promoted his new ideal--and coined the term
behaviorism--he rejected the idea of consciousness. He labeled ___’s views as voodooism. According to Watson, scientists could best
study the human mind by noting what humans do.
Operant Conditioning is a ___.
Our awareness of various cognitive processes, such as concentrating, making decisions, thoughts, feelings and perceptions describes
Insomnia affects about ___ Americans.
A Circadian Rhythm/Cycle is ___.
Which stage of sleep is characterized by an increase in heart rate and blood pressure, a near paralysis of the muscles, heightened brain
activity, the highest incidence of dreaming and is known as “Paradoxical Sleep?”
Our urge to daydream peaks about every ___.
Sleep Apnea affects about ___ Americans.
Which stage of sleep is characterized by slow delta waves, the lowest body readings of the cycle, and is the stage during which most
night terrors, sleep walking/talking occurs?
___ is the time in a woman’s life when the function of the ovaries cease, which leads to symptoms including fatigue, memory
problems, irritability, rapid mood changes, hot flashes, night sweats and some possible sleep deprivation.
The effects of Sleep Deprivation (per the PowerPoint packet) include ___.
What are the characteristics/truths/falsehoods of sleep talking and sleepwalking?
___ most often occur during stages 3 &/or 4. The person generally cannot be awakened easily, if at all, will sometimes push anyone
away trying to comfort them, includes episodes of fright, may sit up and scream, but likely will not recall them the next morning.
What are the theories regarding the purpose of REM sleep?
___ is a sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep or remaining asleep throughout the night.
Narcolepsy is a hereditary sleep disorder characterized by ___.
___ dreaming is dreaming while knowing that you are dreaming…may include navigating your dreams.
___ is a sleep disorder characterized by breathing difficulty during the night and feelings of exhaustion during the day.
1
Review readings, PowerPoints and notes to find correct answers.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Which of the following is NOT one of the warning signs of Alzheimer’s, per the PowerPoint?
___ is the ability to reproduce unusually sharp and detailed images of something one has seen. Also known as Photographic Memory.
Usually due to well developed memory techniques.
Vivid memories of dramatic event, which may occur because of strong emotional content, are known as ___.
___ is the process by which new information interferes with information already in memory.
What are the warning signs of Alzheimer’s, per the PowerPoint?
The ability to remember the things that we have experienced, imagined and learned is ___.
What is true about Alzheimer’s?
The process by which information already in memory interferes with new information is known as ___.
___ is the grouping of information into meaningful units for easier handling by short-term memory.
Abraham Maslow was a ___ Theorist.
According to Maslow: ___ is/are characterized by sudden feelings of intense happiness and well-being, and possibly the awareness of
"ultimate truth" and the unity of all things.
What are identified as descriptions of Humanist Psychologists?
What are identified as Horney’s Auxiliary Defenses?
Horney’s proposed that neurosis may be significantly caused by a lack of genuine warmth/affection for the child, manifesting in what
of parental behaviors?
Regarding Jung’s theories, the unindividuated man identifies with those personal qualities that are symbolically masculine. He does
not recognize qualities that are symbolically feminine as part of his own personality, but rather casts them onto women. This
represents___.
Also, according to Jung, people who base their actions on perceptions, either through their senses or intuition are ___ individuals.
What are Horney’s Causes of Neurosis, as identified on the PowerPoint?
The ___ Needs/Level of the Hierarchy of Needs is characterized by: Humans have a need for a stable, firmly based, high level of selfrespect and respect from others. When these needs are satisfied, the person feels self-confident and valuable as a person in the world.
When these needs are frustrated, the person feels inferior, weak, helpless and worthless.
___ , one of Horney’s Auxiliary Defenses, is described as: assuming that self-interest is the only motivation in operation, and
therefore behaving that way oneself.
According to Freud, anxiety is produced when the ego cannot satisfy the demands of the id in a way acceptable to the superego. This
anxiety causes feelings of uneasiness and worry. The ego may employ any number of ___ to protect the conscious mind from this
anxiety.
According to some theorists – and, as presented and discussed in class -- a strong balance/level of self-awareness, social awareness,
self-management and relationship management skills characterizes a high___.
As covered in the beginning of the Personality Unit, Psychodynamic Theories see behavior as a product of psychological forces within
the individual, often outside conscious awareness. There are five propositions common to all Psychodynamic Theories, including
what components?
___ is a generic psychiatric term for a mental state involving the loss of contact with reality, causing the deterioration of normal social
functioning; whereas, ___ is a general term referring to mental distress that does not prevent rational thought or daily functioning.
The ___ mediates between our conscience and our instinctual needs--operating according to the Reality Principle, and at the conscious,
preconscious and unconscious levels.
Matching: Enduring Issues Please choose the most correct description for each item.
DESCRIPTION/FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONS
ISSUE
•
•
•
•
•
Person/Situation
Nature/Nurture
Stability/Change
Diversity/Universality
Mind/Body
Identification Learning
•
•
•
•
Please select the most correct type of learning/conditioning from the box on the right.
Pavlov’s dog
Modeling
Conditioned Stimulus
Negative Reinforcement
2
Review readings, PowerPoints and notes to find correct answers.
Matching Schedules of Reinforcement Please select the item from the box below that most correctly matches each statement/condition.
•
•
•
•
Being paid on a piecework basis
Pop Quizzes
Scheduled Final Exams
Amount of money received from slot machines
Matching Sensory Registers, Short/Long-Term Memory Please select the most correct type of memory from the box on the right.
•
•
•
•
•
Can store a vast amount of information for many years
Larger amounts of information can be held by using the process of chunking
Very large capacity, but information stays for only a very short time
Most of the information in this level seems to be encoded in terms of meaning
Can hold about as much information as can be repeated or rehearsed in 1.5 - 2 seconds
Identification Positive/Negative Reinforcement and Punishment
Please select the item from the box on the right that most correctly matches each statement/condition.
•
•
•
•
Begin arriving to work on time to avoid drawing awkward attention when arriving late
Student gets bonus credit for completing an assignment ahead of schedule
Rat presses the bar to stop the shock in the Skinner Box
Giving your pet weasel a treat when it uses the litter box
.
Identification Parenting Styles Please select the item from the box below that most correctly matches each statement/style.
Please select the style from the box below that most correctly matches each description
•
•
•
•
Lenient, allow considerable self-regulation, avoid confrontation, fail to set appropriate limits
Low in responsiveness & demand, neglectful, inattentive
Demanding & responsive, firm structure & guidance, assertive, but not intrusive & restrictive
Obedience & status-oriented, expect orders to be obeyed without explanation, highly rigid
Matching Types of Memories
Choose the Memory Type from the Box, for their corresponding descriptions below. According to the PowerPoint.
•
•
•
•
Memories for happy, funny, sad, etc. responses to situations/stimuli
Memories for personal events in a specific time and place
Memory for motor skills and habits
Memory for general facts & concepts not linked to specific time
3
Review readings, PowerPoints and notes to find correct answers.
Matching Information Processing Model
Choose the correct steps/labels from the Box below, for their corresponding locations in the chart/model (rectangles & circles) below.
X
External Stimulus
X
X
X
X
Repetition
Matching Personality Theorists Please select the most correct responses from the box on the right.
Best known of psychodynamic theorists. Proposed Id, Ego, Superego concepts and
Defense Mechanisms.
Proposed Collective Unconscious, Persona, Anima, Animus, Extraversion/Introversion,
Personality Types.
Theories included Compensation, Inferiority Complex.
Studied Neurotic Trends, the Tyranny of Shoulds, the Compliant, Aggressive and
Detached Defensive Strategies.
Known for Humanist psychological approach through the Hierarchy of Needs.
Matching Personality Types Please select the most correct responses from the box on the right.
Highly extroverted, love the spotlight, very entertaining, strong charisma, relaxed, creative
& imaginative, patient, easy-going, philosophical, non-competitive.
People who resist any form of change, prefer routine, not adventurous, resist responsibility,
prefer to be told what to do, social inhibition, pessimistic, punctual, consistent, tend to be
reticent, lack of self assurance.
Entrepreneurial, risk taker, very independent, direct, to the point, don’t like routine,
competitive, highly independent, driven, blunt, no-nonsense, embrace change, always look
for practical solutions.
Introverted, detail-oriented/focused, meticulous, may have trouble communicating to other
people, talented crunching numbers or writing program code, tend to be very cautious and
reserved, will not venture into something until all facts checked out.
4
Review readings, PowerPoints and notes to find correct answers.
Matching Adler’s Four Psychological Types
Please select the most correct responses from the box on the right.
Sensitive people who have developed a shell around themselves which protects them, but
they must rely on others to carry them through life's difficulties.
The healthy person, one who has both social interest and energy.
The lowest levels of energy, only survive by retreating from life, especially other people.
They are, from childhood on, characterized by a tendency to be aggressive and dominant over
others.
Matching Defense Mechanisms Please select the most correct responses from the box on the right.
Redirecting repressed motives and feelings into socially acceptable activities.
Expression of exaggerated ideas and emotions that are opposite of true feelings.
Thinking about stressful problems in an abstract way to detach oneself from them.
Shift repressed motives from an original object to a substitute object.
Attributing one’s feelings, motives, wishes on/to others.
Matching Birth Order Please select the most correct responses from the box on the right.
Risk takers, idealists, good sense of humor, hard working, immature, attention seeking,
secretive, sensitive. Outgoing, sociable, affectionate, creative, empathetic, and confident.
Energetic, logical, enterprising, scholarly. Greater level of confidence, taken seriously, patient,
organized, strong powers of concentration, confidence to dream and plan.
Flexible, diplomatic, rebellious, attention seeking, competitive. Peacemakers, mediators, not
spoiled, realistic, get along well with others, read people well, independent, loyal to
supporters, competitive and imaginative.
Mature faster, get along well with older people, responsible, self-centered, perfectionists, use
adult language, prefer adult company, difficulty sharing. Trust own opinion, prompt,
ambitious, enterprising, energetic, set goals, good problem solvers, and ambitious.
Matching Horney’s Concept of Self
Please select the most correct responses from the box on the right.
Negative view of the self, based on the lack of love and acceptance by others.
The person you are --regardless of anyone's perceptions.
The perfect self you think you should be, so you can be loved.
The core of your being, your potential (subjective view of the self).
Matching Jung’s Five Main Archetypes Please select the most correct responses from the box on the right.
Opposite of the ego image, often containing qualities that the ego does not identify with, but
possesses nonetheless.
The feminine image in a man's psyche.
How we present to the world, usually protects Ego from negative images--acts like a mask.
The regulating center of the psyche and facilitator of individuation.
The masculine image in a woman's psyche.
5
Review readings, PowerPoints and notes to find correct answers.
Matching Horney’s Auxiliary Defenses
Please select the most correct responses from the box on the right.
Inability to see how different one is from one's ideal image.
Other people become the center of the neurotic's life. Result: feeling of inner emptiness.
Constant clouding of issues.
Assuming self-interest is only motivation in operation-- therefore, behaving that way oneself.
Seemingly impulsive decisions (to avoid pain of real decision making) - are then rationalized.
Matching Biological Basis for Memory
Choose the correct parts of the Brain from the Box below, to match their corresponding functions as indicated on the Brain diagram.
6