Download Anatomy and Physiology TEST 2 – Spring 2015 1. Diagram and

Anatomy and Physiology TEST 2 – Spring 2015
1.
Diagram and label the flow of blood into, through, and out of the heart on the back of the LAST
page. Include in your diagram: the right and left atria, the right and left ventricles, the aorta, the
aortic semilunar valve, the pulmonary veins, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary
semilunar valve, bicuspid (mitral) valve, tricuspid valve, inferior and superior vena cava, and the
lungs. Use red and blue to show whether the blood is oxygenated or deoxygenated. (8 pts)
See your 10 diagrams
2.
ABO blood groups
a.
What blood group antigens are found on erythrocytes people with type O blood? (1 pt)
None
b.
People with type O blood make antibodies to which ABO blood group antigens? (1 pt)
A and B
c.
What blood type is considered the “universal donor”? Explain why. (2 pts)
O- since there are no A, B, or Rh factor antigens on their rbc
3.
Draw an electrocardiogram (EKG) tracing of TWO cardiac cycles and label the P, Q, R, S, and T
waves. Label also the period of time BETWEEN heart beats. (3 pts)
See the class notes; time between beats is the T-P interval
Name the TWO events that occur during the QRS interval. (1 pt)
Atrial repolarization proceeding diastole and ventricular depolarization proceeding systole
What is considered the normal range for number of heart beats per minute? (1 pt)
60-100
Name the condition in which a person has an abnormally rapid heart rate? (1 pt)
Tachycardia
4.
Name the TWO parts of the left coronary artery and the shallow grooves in which they lie. (2 pts)
Anterior interventricular artery in the anterior interventricular sulcus
Circumflex artery in atrioventricular sulcus
Briefly DESCRIBE TWO ways in which blocked coronary arteries are treated. (2 pts)
Balloon angioplasty; bypass surgery; putting in stents
5.
Name TWO ways in which primary and secondary immune responses differ. Which of these
results from memory cells? (2 pts)
Primary – slow, low level of response, short-lasting
Secondary – much more rapid, higher level of response; longer lasting; results from memory cell
activation
6.
BRIEFLY describe of the following: (1 pt each)
a.
Foramen ovale
Hole in fetal heart between atria
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b.
Alveoli
Terminal air sacs of lungs
c.
Hepatic portal vein
Vein that carries blood from gut to liver
d.
Uvula
Flap in rear, top of pharynx
e.
Eustachian tube
Tube between pharynx and middle ear
f.
Tunica media of the arteries in comparison to that of the veins
Thicker, more smooth muscle
g.
Memory cells of the immune response
Lymphocytes formed by primary immune responses that are “primed” to act rapidly upon exposure to
antigen
h.
External nares
i.
Chordae tendonae
Nostrils
Cord-like structures that connect the atriventicular valves to the papillary muscles in walls of ventricles
j.
Leukotrienes
Inflammatory mediators
k.
The sound made by a heart mummer
l.
Hyposensitization
Swish
Process of slowly exposing allergic person to increasing doses of allergen in order to promote an IgG
rather than an IgE immune response
7.
List the 5 parts of the electrical conduction system of the heart in the proper order. Which of
these is considered to be the “pacemaker”? (3 pts)
Sinoatrial node (pacemaker), atrioventricular (AV) node, bundle of His, right and left bundle branches,
Perkinje fibers
8.
Name the thin-walled section of an artery. Why is this considered to be dangerous? (2 pts)
Aneurism; the pressure of blood passage may blow a hole in the artery, causing massive loss of blood
from circulatory system, dangerously decreasing blood pressure
9.
List FOUR differences between the adaptive and the innate immune systems (4 pts)
Adaptive – takes time after birth to develop; produces memory cells; gets better with each exposure; uses
lymphocytes; extremely specific; takes 7-10 days to respond
2
Innate – inborn; no memory cells or improvement upon repeated exposures; uses monocytes, natural
killer cells, neutrophils, etc.; relatively nonspecific; responds very quickly after exposure to antigen
10.
Name the appropriate type of Hypersensitivity Reaction (I, II, III, IV, V, or VI)(10 pts)
a.
Includes reaction to dust mites and dog dander
I
b.
Involves IgE
c.
Includes Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
d.
Is involved in the reaction to the skin test used to determine if one has TB
e.
Involves mast cells and basophils
f.
Includes reaction to poison ivy
g.
Develops within about 15 minutes after exposure to the antigen
h.
Takes 3-4 days to develop
i.
Involves histamine
j.
Is involved when a type B person receives type A blood
I
II
IV
I
IV
I
IV
I
II
11.
Identify the SPECIFIC blood cell types: List All Correct Answers!!! (1 pt each)
a.
Protection against parasitic worms
Eosinophils
b.
Phagocytic and dumps reactive oxygen species on cancer cells
Monocyte/macrophages; neutrophils
c.
Most common leukocyte type
Neutrophils
d.
Produce cytokines that help other cells to function
T helper cells
e.
Kill virally-infected cells and cancer cells
T killer cells and natural killer cells
f.
Produces IgE
B lymphocytes
3
g.
Produces IgA
B lymphocytes
h.
Allow blood clotting
Platelets
i.
Only stay in the blood for about 8 hours before moving into tissues
Monocytes
j.
Releases prostaglandins and histamine
Basophils and mast cells
12.
Name the correct antibody classes: LIST ALL CORRECT ANSWERS (10 pts)
a.
Found primarily on the surface of B lymphocytes
IgD
b.
Most abundant antibody class in milk
c.
Is found is saliva
d.
Is produced by B cells
IgA
IgA
IgA, IgM, IgG, IgD, IgE
e.
Contains J chain
IgM, IgA
f.
Crosses the placenta
g.
Triggers an allergic response to seafood and wasp venom
h.
Most abundant class in blood
i.
Often exists as a pentamer
j.
Activates the complement system
IgG
IgE
IgG
IgM
IgM, IgG
13.
BRIEFLY DISCUSS the functions of: a) Th1 and b) Th17 cytokines (2 pts)
Th1 activate a cell-mediated immune response that is particularly useful against viruses and cancer cells
Th17 cytokines are inflammatory and work very well against bacterial infections, particularly of the skin
14.
Blood vessels (veins, arteries, capillaries) (1 pt each) LIST ALL CORRECT ANSWERS
a.
What type of vessel contains the thickest layer of smooth muscle?
Arteries
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b.
Which type of vessel carries blood away from the heart?
c.
Includes the superior vena cava?
Arteries
Veins
d.
Is surrounded by THREE layers (tunica)?
Arteries and veins
e.
Which type of vessel has valves to prevent backflow of blood?
Veins
f.
Which type of vessel spurts blood when cut?
Arteries
g.
Transports erythrocytes?
All of them
15.
If Sally has a blood pressure reading of 172/104, what is her diastolic pressure? (1 pt)
104 mm Hg
What is happening to the heart during diastole? (1 pt)
Resting
Does this indicate normal blood pressure, hypotension, or hypertension? (1 pt)
Hypertension
Name and BRIFELY DESCRIBE THREE ways in which this condition might be treated. (3 pts)
Diuretics to decrease fluid volume; beta-blockers to decrease sympathetic NS; ACE inhibitors to block
renin-angiotensin-aldersterone pathways; decrease salt intake to decrease blood fluid levels
16.
What is the FUNCTION of the: (1 pt each)
a.
Thymus gland?
Maturation of T lymphocytes
b.
Nasal conchae?
Act as turbines that moisten and warm air in nasal cavity prior to passage to lungs
c.
Surfactant?
Decrease surface tension in alveoli; keep them from collapsing
d.
Spleen?
Lymphocyte transit station from blood to lymphatic system; site where old rbc removed by macrophages
and iron is recycled
e.
Larynx?
Voice production
f.
Goblet cells in the respiratory tract?
Make mucus
g.
Olfactory receptors?
Perceive smells
h.
Epiglottis?
Prevents food and fluid from entering trachea
i.
Trachea
Allows passage of air to and from lungs
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j.
Appendix
Immune protect to the gut
Bonuses: (1 pt each)
1.
Describe the tunica media of the capillaries.
There is none
2.
What are TWO ways in which to TREAT hemolytic disease of the newborn?
Massive blood transfusion and exposure to UV light
3.
Who sang the song “You’re so vein”?
Nobody – the song is “You’re so vain”
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