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Ancient Greece
1750 B.C. – 133 B.C.
Early People of the Aegean
Section 1
Minoans
• Located in the middle of the Aegean Sea,
the isle of Crete was home to a brilliant
civilization
• The people who lived their were called
Minoans
Minoans Trade and Prosper
• Success was based on trade, not
conquest.
• Through contact with Egypt and
Mesopotamia, they acquired ideas and
technology in fields such as writing and
architecture.
Knossos
• The rulers of the Minoans lived in a vast
palace at Knossos
• The Knossos included religious shrines,
area dedicated to the honor of gods and
goddesses.
Art at Knossos
• Walls covered in Frescoes= watercolor
paintings done on wet plaster
• Learn a lot about Minoan society through
fresco paintings
– Dolphins
– Gods (Bull)
– Women had more rights
Minoan Civilization Disappears
• Minoan civilization eventually vanished
– Volcanic eruption?
– Earthquake?
– Invaders? The Mycenaeans, the first Greek
speaking people of whom we have a written
record.
Trade and War in Mycenae
• Mycenaeans were sea traders who
reached out to Sicily, Italy, Egypt, and
Mesopotamia.
• Mycenaeans learned many skills from the
Minoans, including the art of writing
• Lived in separate city-states on the
mainland
The Trojan War
• Mycenae and Troy had an economic rivalry.
• Troy was a rich trading city that controlled the
vital straights connecting the Mediterranean and
Black seas.
• The Trojan Prince named Paris kidnapped
Helen, the wife of a Greek King, and the
Mycenaeans sailed to Troy to rescue her
• War finally ended after 10 years when the
Greeks finally seized Troy and burned the city to
the ground.
Homer and the Great Legends of
Greece
• After the victory of Troy the Mycenae's
themselves were attacked and conquered
by the Durians.
• Much of what we know about the Trojan
War and life during this period comes from
two great epic poems the Iliad and the
Odyssey.
• Both poems were written by Homer, a
blind poet who went from village to village.
Iliad and Odyssey
• The Iliad is the chief source about the
Trojan War.
• The Odyssey tells of the many struggles of
the Greek hero Odysseus on the return
home to his wife after the fall of Troy
The Rise of Greek City-States
Section 2
Geography Shapes Greece
• Greece is apart of the Balkan Peninsula
• Hundreds of rocky islands
• Each city-state included a city and its
surrounding countryside
Life by the Sea
• With hundreds of bays, the Greek
coastline offered safe harbors for ships.
• Greeks were skilled sailors and traded
throughout the region.
Governing the City-States
• The Greeks learned about how best to
govern each individual Greek polish, or
city-state.
• The city was built on two levels.
– TOP: Acropolis: High City with a great
marble temple dedicated to the different gods
and goddesses.
– Bottom: Walled main city with its marketplace,
theater, public buildings, and homes.
Governing the City-States
• Population of each city-state was very small so the
citizens shared a sense of responsibility for its
triumphs and defeats
• Citizens= Free residents
• Male citizens spent much of their time outdoors in
the marketplace, debating issues that affected their
lives
• Held festivals honoring the special gods and
goddesses.
• Male landowner held all the political power
(unequal rights)
Types of Government Evolve
• Monarchy= a government in which a
hereditary ruler exercises central power.
• Aristocracy= rule by a hereditary
landholding elite
• Oligarchy= Power is in the hands of a
small, wealthy elite.
New warfare Methods Shape
Greece
• The Phalanx= a massive tactical formation
of heavily armed foot soldiers.
– The cities defense was now in the hands of
ordinary citizens
• This new technology led the two most
influential cities, Athens and Sparta, to
develop very different ways of life
– Sparta- military virtues and discipline
– Athens- individual and extended political rights
The Spartans
Athens
Greek Gods
Conflict in the Greek World
Section 3
The Persian Wars
• The Persians conquered the Greek citystates Ionia and Asia Minor
• In 499 B.C. the Greeks rebelled against
Persian rule and Athens sent ships to help
them.
• However the Persians soon crushed the
rebel cities
Athenians win at Marathon
• Darius I was furious at the
role Athens played in the
uprising.
• So he sent a huge force
across the Aegean Sea to
punish Athens for its
interference.
• Athens received little help
from neighboring Greek citystates.
Athenians win at Marathon
• Persians used arrows, but the Greeks
continued to fight hard.
• The Persians became overwhelmed and
had to retreat to their ships.
• Athens celebrated but knew they had to
prepare for the Persians to come back.
• So the Athenian leader Themistocles
urged Athenians to build a fleet of
warships.
Greek city-states Unite
• When Darius of Persia died, his son
Xerxes sent a much larger force to
conquer Greece.
• By this time Athens had joined forces with
Sparta and other city-states.
• But the Persian force was just to much.
• Persians burned Athens.
End of the Persian Wars
• The Greeks now put their faith in the faith
of ships they had built.
• Athenian warships eventually drove into
Persian ships and sank their ships.
• The next year the Greeks defeated the
Persians on land in Asia Minor.
Delian League
• Athens emerged as the
most powerful city-state in
Greece.
• Athens formed the Delian
League alliance.
• When allies protested and
wanted to leave the
alliance they used force
to make them stay.
Direct Democracy
• Athens leader Pericles allowed for Athens
to grow and prosper.
• Pericles Athens was a Direct Democracy.
Direct Democracy
• Assembly met several times a month
• A council of 500 conducted daily
government business.
• Pericles believed all citizens should take
part in government.
• Athens began to pay a stipend for men
who participated in government.
Juries
• A jury is a panel of citizens who have the
authority to make the final judgment in a
trial.
• Athenian juries might have included
hundreds or thousands of jurors.
Ostracism
• Citizens could also vote to banish a public
figure whom they saw as a threat to their
democracy.
Peloponnesian War
• Many Greeks outside Athens resented
Athenian domination.
• Sparta and other enemies of Athens
formed the Peloponnesian League against
Athens and the Delian League.
• Sparta and Athens then began to fight for
27 years.
Sparta Defeats Athens
• Athens defeat marked the end of Athenian
domination of the Greek world.
• A new power arose in Macedonia.
The Glory That Was Greece
Section 4
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle
Parthenon
Greek Theaters
Greek sculptures
Alexander and the Hellenistic
Age
Section 5
The Empire of Alexander the Great
• Phillip II conquered Greece
– Defeated Athens and Thebes
– Wanted to conquer the Persian Empire but
died before he could do so.
– Phillip was Assassinated.
Alexander the Great
• Alexander was only 20 years old when he
took the throne
• Began organizing the forces needed to
conquer Persia which stretched from
Egypt to India.
• Conquered much of the Persian Empire
because Persia was weak.
• Never lost a battle.
• Extended the Empire as far east as India.
Alexander’s Early Death
• Alexander dies at the age of 32 when he
fell victim to a sudden fever
• Alexander wanted to leave the empire to
“the strongest”
– Macedonia and Greece went to one general.
– Egypt to another
– Most of Persia to a third
*For the next 300 years these three powers
competed for power over lands Alexander had
conquered.
The Legacy of Alexander
• The Spread of Greek culture
– Founded many new cities
– Built Greek temples
– Local people assimilated Greek ideas
*The result was a blend of Greek, Egyptian, and
Indian influences.
Alexandria: The Cultural Capital
• Located on the sea lanes between Europe
and Asia
• Was the Egyptian cultural capital of the
Hellenistic World
• Home to 1 million people
• Pharos (an enormous lighthouse)
• Built a great museum.
Hellenistic Philosophers
• Stoicism
– Urged people to avoid desires and
disappointments by accepting calmly
whatever life brought
Advances in Math and Astronomy
• Pythagoras- derived a formula to
calculate the relationship between the
sides of a right triangle
• Aristarchus- argued that the Earth rotated
on its axis and orbited the sun
• Archimedes- Applied principles of physics
to make practical inventions.
– mastered the use of a lever and pulley
Improving Medical Practice
• Hippocrates- Set ethical Standards for
doctors.
In-Class Activity
• Complete The Chapter assessment
found on page 146
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