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Ancient Greece 1750 B.C. – 133 B.C. Early People of the Aegean Section 1 Minoans • Located in the middle of the Aegean Sea, the isle of Crete was home to a brilliant civilization • The people who lived their were called Minoans Minoans Trade and Prosper • Success was based on trade, not conquest. • Through contact with Egypt and Mesopotamia, they acquired ideas and technology in fields such as writing and architecture. Knossos • The rulers of the Minoans lived in a vast palace at Knossos • The Knossos included religious shrines, area dedicated to the honor of gods and goddesses. Art at Knossos • Walls covered in Frescoes= watercolor paintings done on wet plaster • Learn a lot about Minoan society through fresco paintings – Dolphins – Gods (Bull) – Women had more rights Minoan Civilization Disappears • Minoan civilization eventually vanished – Volcanic eruption? – Earthquake? – Invaders? The Mycenaeans, the first Greek speaking people of whom we have a written record. Trade and War in Mycenae • Mycenaeans were sea traders who reached out to Sicily, Italy, Egypt, and Mesopotamia. • Mycenaeans learned many skills from the Minoans, including the art of writing • Lived in separate city-states on the mainland The Trojan War • Mycenae and Troy had an economic rivalry. • Troy was a rich trading city that controlled the vital straights connecting the Mediterranean and Black seas. • The Trojan Prince named Paris kidnapped Helen, the wife of a Greek King, and the Mycenaeans sailed to Troy to rescue her • War finally ended after 10 years when the Greeks finally seized Troy and burned the city to the ground. Homer and the Great Legends of Greece • After the victory of Troy the Mycenae's themselves were attacked and conquered by the Durians. • Much of what we know about the Trojan War and life during this period comes from two great epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey. • Both poems were written by Homer, a blind poet who went from village to village. Iliad and Odyssey • The Iliad is the chief source about the Trojan War. • The Odyssey tells of the many struggles of the Greek hero Odysseus on the return home to his wife after the fall of Troy The Rise of Greek City-States Section 2 Geography Shapes Greece • Greece is apart of the Balkan Peninsula • Hundreds of rocky islands • Each city-state included a city and its surrounding countryside Life by the Sea • With hundreds of bays, the Greek coastline offered safe harbors for ships. • Greeks were skilled sailors and traded throughout the region. Governing the City-States • The Greeks learned about how best to govern each individual Greek polish, or city-state. • The city was built on two levels. – TOP: Acropolis: High City with a great marble temple dedicated to the different gods and goddesses. – Bottom: Walled main city with its marketplace, theater, public buildings, and homes. Governing the City-States • Population of each city-state was very small so the citizens shared a sense of responsibility for its triumphs and defeats • Citizens= Free residents • Male citizens spent much of their time outdoors in the marketplace, debating issues that affected their lives • Held festivals honoring the special gods and goddesses. • Male landowner held all the political power (unequal rights) Types of Government Evolve • Monarchy= a government in which a hereditary ruler exercises central power. • Aristocracy= rule by a hereditary landholding elite • Oligarchy= Power is in the hands of a small, wealthy elite. New warfare Methods Shape Greece • The Phalanx= a massive tactical formation of heavily armed foot soldiers. – The cities defense was now in the hands of ordinary citizens • This new technology led the two most influential cities, Athens and Sparta, to develop very different ways of life – Sparta- military virtues and discipline – Athens- individual and extended political rights The Spartans Athens Greek Gods Conflict in the Greek World Section 3 The Persian Wars • The Persians conquered the Greek citystates Ionia and Asia Minor • In 499 B.C. the Greeks rebelled against Persian rule and Athens sent ships to help them. • However the Persians soon crushed the rebel cities Athenians win at Marathon • Darius I was furious at the role Athens played in the uprising. • So he sent a huge force across the Aegean Sea to punish Athens for its interference. • Athens received little help from neighboring Greek citystates. Athenians win at Marathon • Persians used arrows, but the Greeks continued to fight hard. • The Persians became overwhelmed and had to retreat to their ships. • Athens celebrated but knew they had to prepare for the Persians to come back. • So the Athenian leader Themistocles urged Athenians to build a fleet of warships. Greek city-states Unite • When Darius of Persia died, his son Xerxes sent a much larger force to conquer Greece. • By this time Athens had joined forces with Sparta and other city-states. • But the Persian force was just to much. • Persians burned Athens. End of the Persian Wars • The Greeks now put their faith in the faith of ships they had built. • Athenian warships eventually drove into Persian ships and sank their ships. • The next year the Greeks defeated the Persians on land in Asia Minor. Delian League • Athens emerged as the most powerful city-state in Greece. • Athens formed the Delian League alliance. • When allies protested and wanted to leave the alliance they used force to make them stay. Direct Democracy • Athens leader Pericles allowed for Athens to grow and prosper. • Pericles Athens was a Direct Democracy. Direct Democracy • Assembly met several times a month • A council of 500 conducted daily government business. • Pericles believed all citizens should take part in government. • Athens began to pay a stipend for men who participated in government. Juries • A jury is a panel of citizens who have the authority to make the final judgment in a trial. • Athenian juries might have included hundreds or thousands of jurors. Ostracism • Citizens could also vote to banish a public figure whom they saw as a threat to their democracy. Peloponnesian War • Many Greeks outside Athens resented Athenian domination. • Sparta and other enemies of Athens formed the Peloponnesian League against Athens and the Delian League. • Sparta and Athens then began to fight for 27 years. Sparta Defeats Athens • Athens defeat marked the end of Athenian domination of the Greek world. • A new power arose in Macedonia. The Glory That Was Greece Section 4 Socrates Plato Aristotle Parthenon Greek Theaters Greek sculptures Alexander and the Hellenistic Age Section 5 The Empire of Alexander the Great • Phillip II conquered Greece – Defeated Athens and Thebes – Wanted to conquer the Persian Empire but died before he could do so. – Phillip was Assassinated. Alexander the Great • Alexander was only 20 years old when he took the throne • Began organizing the forces needed to conquer Persia which stretched from Egypt to India. • Conquered much of the Persian Empire because Persia was weak. • Never lost a battle. • Extended the Empire as far east as India. Alexander’s Early Death • Alexander dies at the age of 32 when he fell victim to a sudden fever • Alexander wanted to leave the empire to “the strongest” – Macedonia and Greece went to one general. – Egypt to another – Most of Persia to a third *For the next 300 years these three powers competed for power over lands Alexander had conquered. The Legacy of Alexander • The Spread of Greek culture – Founded many new cities – Built Greek temples – Local people assimilated Greek ideas *The result was a blend of Greek, Egyptian, and Indian influences. Alexandria: The Cultural Capital • Located on the sea lanes between Europe and Asia • Was the Egyptian cultural capital of the Hellenistic World • Home to 1 million people • Pharos (an enormous lighthouse) • Built a great museum. Hellenistic Philosophers • Stoicism – Urged people to avoid desires and disappointments by accepting calmly whatever life brought Advances in Math and Astronomy • Pythagoras- derived a formula to calculate the relationship between the sides of a right triangle • Aristarchus- argued that the Earth rotated on its axis and orbited the sun • Archimedes- Applied principles of physics to make practical inventions. – mastered the use of a lever and pulley Improving Medical Practice • Hippocrates- Set ethical Standards for doctors. In-Class Activity • Complete The Chapter assessment found on page 146 #1-8 #17