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German 030: Kapitel 5 Review (Deutsch Heute)
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Kapitel 5 Review
Wo (where [location]) vs. Wohin (whither [destination])
Stem changes: recall e>i (nehmen - er nimmt)
-another stem change type is a > ä (again, only "du" and "er/sie/es"
change) fahren: du fährst / er fährt
What is a clause? Why do we care? Because word order depends on how
well you understand the concept. Isn’t modern medicine wonderful!?
•A clause has a subject and a verb.
•A simple sentence consists of only one clause: Ich schreibe einen Brief.
•A compound sentence consists of more than one (usually 2) clauses.
•There can be two independent clauses in a compound sentence, i.e.,
clauses that could form simple sentences on their own:
Ich schreibe einen Brief und ich höre furchtbare Musik.
•Indep. clauses are linked by coordinating conjunctions: und, aber, oder,
denn, sondern.
These conjunctions are NOT considered to be part of either clause.
•There can be an independent clause and a dependent clause in a
compound sentence.
•A dependent clause CANNOT form a simple sentence on its own:
Ich schreibe einen Brief, obwohl ich nicht genug Zeit habe.
I am writing a letter although I don’t have enough time.
(everything after and including “obwohl” is a dep. clause)
German 030: Kapitel 5 Review (Deutsch Heute)
*If you say just “although I don’t have enough time,” people will perceive
that as a sentence fragment. They will think something has been left out
and will ask that you be put into an institution where men in white coats will
take care of you.
•Dependent clauses are introduced by subordinating conjunctions: dass,
wenn, weil, obwohl
N.B. Weil and denn mean the same thing.
Subordinating conjunctions cause the finite verb to go to the end (see
"habe" below):
Ich schreibe einen Brief, obwohl ich nicht genug Zeit habe.
In the Workbook section of the Arbeitshelf, Kap. 5, exercise B has to do
with what I have explained.
Sondern and Aber both mean BUT, but...
Sondern is used when one is juxtaposing two mutually exclusive ideas:
Jürgen spielt nicht Fußball, sondern Tennis (Jürgen is playing not soccer,
but Tennis [i.e., it's an "either... or" situation]).
N.B. If the subject and/or verb are the same in the second clause (to the
right of the comma), it is normally not repeated, as is the case in the above
example.
Furthermore, sondern is always coupled with the negative particle (nicht).
This is not necessarily the case with aber.
Aber is used when the two activities in question are not necessarily
mutually exclusive:
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German 030: Kapitel 5 Review (Deutsch Heute)
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Jürgen spielt nicht Fußball, aber er sieht Fußball gern im Fernsehen
(Jürgen doesn't play soccer, but he likes to watch it on T.V. [even though
he doesn't play it, it is possible for the same person to play and watch
soccer, but that would leave too little time for German homework...]).
*** Nicht nur... sondern auch = not only... but also (this is a fixed phrase,
and here aber is not used)
Separable prefix verbs do not part with their prefixes when they go to the
end of a dependent clause with a subordinating conjunctions:
I weiß, dass du heute Abend mitkommst.
I know that you are coming along this evening.
If there is a finite verb and a dependent infinitive in a dependent clause, the
finite verb will be last and the dep. inf. — second last:
I weiß, dass du morgen tanzen gehst.
I know that you are going dancing tomorrow [even though you can't dance
for beans!].
If a dependent clause is in 1st place in a compound sentence, the
independent clause will begin with the finite verb:
Weil es heute regnet, nehme ich einen Regenschirm.
(Because it’s raining today, I am taking an umbrella)
Dative Case: some verbs require the dative case for nouns which they
govern, e.g., gehören and gefallen
As with the accusative case, nouns in the dative case are marked by
articles, der-words and ein-words:
Das Buch gehört dem Mann / der Frau / dem Kind / den Kindern.
(The book belongs to the man / the woman / the child / the children)
German 030: Kapitel 5 Review (Deutsch Heute)
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In the plural, nouns in the dative case also take an ending: -n or -en [don't
add -n if the plural already ends in -n or in -s])
Personal pronouns in the dative case:
Das Buch gehört mir/dir/ihm/ihr/uns/euch/ihnen/Ihnen
To like something:
Liked thing (nominative [subj.]) + gefallen + Liker (dative)
{Formulae
look sooo scientific!}
Das Buch gefällt mir / dem Professor.
I like the book / The professor likes the book (The book pleases me /him)
Indirect Object (IO): "Ich gebe Peter das Fleisch" (I give Peter the meat / I
give the meat to Peter)
-the IO is usually a person and usually answers questions like "to whom" or
"for whom"
-the IO is always in the dative case (direct object: accusative [Fleisch])
-if there is a person and a non-person as objects in a clause, the person
will be the IO (dative) and the non-person will be the DO (accusative)
-most verbs of communication, (e.g., sprechen, sagen, erzählen) are
followed by the dative case of the addressee:
Sag deinem Bruder, dass ich bald komme.
(Tell your brother [addressee] that I’m coming soon)
Word order with DO and IO
The key question is whether the direct object is a noun or a pronoun (it
makes no difference what the indirect object is)
If the DO is a noun, it follows the IO:
Du gibst dem Mädchen den Kuli.
If the DO is a pronoun, it precedes the IO:
German 030: Kapitel 5 Review (Deutsch Heute)
Du gibst ihn dem Mädchen/ihr.
Finally! There are some prepositions that require the dative case for
nouns that follow them (just as some prepositions require the accusative
case). Memorize them please. Thank you.
Frohe Weihnachten!
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