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AP Psychology Review: Commonly Confused Pairs Independent Variable vs. Dependent Variable Experiment Group vs. Control Group Left Brain vs. Right Brain Corpus Collosum vs. Cerebral Cortex Sympathetic Nervous System vs. Parasympathetic Neurotransmitters vs. Hormones Lateral Hypothalamus vs. Ventromedial Hypothalamus Broca’s Area vs. Wernicke’s Area Identical Twins vs. Fraternal Twins Afferent Neurons vs. Efferent Neurons Assimilation vs. Accommodation Concrete Operations vs. Formal Operations Sensation vs. Perception Rods vs. Cones Classical Conditioning vs. Operant Conditioning Primacy Effect vs. Recency Effect Proactive Interference vs. Retroactive Interference Implicit Memory vs. Explicit Memory Recall Memory vs. Recognition Memory Algorithms vs. Heuristics Representative Heuristics vs. Availability Heuristics Phonemes vs. Morphemes Fluid Intelligence vs. Crystallized Intelligence Validity vs. Reliability Achievement Test vs. Aptitude Test Intrinsic Motivation vs. Extrinsic Motivation Theory Y vs. Theory X Internal Locus vs. External Locus of Control Type A vs. Type Negative Reinforcement vs. Punishment Psychotherapy vs. Psychoanalytic Schizophrenia vs. Dissociative Identity Disorder Sensory vs. Motor Neurons Positive vs. Negative Correlation Obsession vs. Compulsions James-Lange vs. Cannon-Bard Nature vs. Nurture Absolute vs. Difference Threshold Authoritarian vs. Authoritative . Famous Contributors to Psychology and Experiments In pairs try to guess what famous study and/or contribution they made to psychology. Hawthorne EffectJean PiagetErik EriksonLawrence KohlbergCarol GilliganKonrad LorenzHarry HarlowMary AinsworthEleanor Gibson Hubel and Weisel Ernest Hilgard Ivan Pavlov John B. Watson B.F. Skinner Albert Bandura Wolfgang Kohler TolmanBinetStanford-Binet James and Lange Cannon and Bard Schachter-Singer (Lazarus Experiment) Maslow and Rogers Aaron Beck Albert Ellis Eysenck Hans-Selye Solomon Asch Stanley Milgram Muzafer Sherif Elizabeth Loftus Martin Seligman Noam Chomsky Benjamin Whorf (Linguistic Hypothesis)- Independent Variable (being tested) vs. Dependent Variable (being measured..often a number) Experiment Group (gets the I.V) vs. Control Group (no treatment OR placebo) Left Brain (Language, Logic) vs. Right Brain (spatial, faces) Corpus Collosum (divides brain) vs. Cerebral Cortex (covers brain) Sympathetic Nervous System (arouses) vs. Parasympathetic (calms) Neurotransmitters (nervous system chemicals) vs. Hormones (endocrine system chemicals) Lateral Hypothalamus (start eating) vs. Ventromedial Hypothalamus (stop eating) Broca’s Area (speech production) vs.Wernicke’s Area (language comprehension) Identical Twins (same egg) vs. Fraternal Twins (different eggs) Afferent Neurons (sensory, to brain) vs. Efferent Neurons (motor, from brain) SAME Assimilation (into existing schema) vs. Accommodation (change schema) Concrete Operations (basic logic, conservation task) vs. Formal Operations (abstract thinking) Sensation (incoming signals) vs. Perception (interpretation of signals) Rods (black/white,night , peripheral) vs. Cones (color, day, foveal) Classical Conditioning (Pavlov stimulus-response) vs. Operant Conditioning (Skinner, behaviorconsequences) Primacy Effect (first) vs. Recency Effect (last) Proactive Interference (activate new info) vs. Retroactive Interference (actyivate old info.) Implicit Memory (without conscious recall) vs. Explicit Memory (conscious recall) Recall Memory (fill in the blank) vs. Recognition Memory (multiple choice) Algorithms (step by step) vs. Heuristics (mental shortcut) Representative Heuristics (stereotypes) vs. Availability Heuristics (first that pops in mind) Phonemes (without meaning) vs. Morphemes (with meaning) Fluid Intelligence (abstract problem solving vs. Crystallized Intelligence (general knowledge) Validity (measure what it’s supposed) vs. Reliability (results consistent) Achievement Test (has learned) vs. Aptitude Test (potential to learn) Intrinsic Motivation (self satisfaction) vs. Extrinsic Motivation (praise, money) Theory Y (workers want satisfaction) vs. Theory X (workers lazy, need rewards/punishment) Internal Locus (low stress, can control life outcomes) vs. External Locus of Control (high stress, world works on me) Type A (high stress, competitive) vs. Type B (low stress, laid back) Negative Reinforcement (strengthens desirable behavior) vs. Punishment (weakens undesirable) Psychotherapy (talk therapy) vs. Psychoanalytic (recovering unconscious thoughts/issues) Schizophrenia (genetics caused) vs. Dissociative Identity Disorder (abuse/trauma caused) Sensory (to the brain) vs. Motor Neurons (away from brain) Positive (both variables up or down) vs. Negative Correlation (one up and one down) Obsession (repetitive, unwanted thoughts) vs. Compulsions (actions) James-Lange (arousal-emotion) vs. Cannon-Bard (simultaneous) Nature (genes, biology) vs. Nurture (environment) Absolute (detecting one stimulus) vs. Difference Threshold (difference between 2 stimuli) Authoritarian (because I said so) vs. Authoritative (gives reasons) Hawthorne Effect- humans being watched behave differently Jean Piagetstages of COGNITIVE Development Erik EriksonPsychoSOCIAL development (identity. Role confusion) Lawrence Kohlberg stages of MORAL development Carol Gilligancritic of Kohlberg, girls/boys differ in moral development Konrad LorenzImprinting, attachment of ducks with critical period Harry HarlowAttachment, monkeys preferred cloth mother Mary AinsworthStrange Situation, Secure/Insecure Attachments Eleanor Gibson Visual Cliff, crawling infants have depth perception Hubel and Weisel Feature Detectors, specific cells for angles, lines, motion Ernest Hilgard Hidden Observer in Hypnosis, Dissociation causes loss of sensation Ivan Pavlov Classical Conditioning John B. Watson Behaviorism, Little Albert B.F. Skinner Operant Conditioning, Skinner Box, reinforcement/punishment Albert Bandura Social Learning Theory, Bo-bo Doll, Social-Cognitive, self-efficacy Wolfgang Kohler Insight Learning- Cognitive component to operant, Chimps stack boxes TolmanLatent Learning, rats run maze create cognitive maps. Binet1st intelligence test, concept of mental age Stanford-Binet Terman, most widely used intelligence test, IQ formula James and Lange Physiological arousal followed by experiencing emotion Cannon and Bard Physical Arousal/emotion same time Schachter-Singer (Lazarus Experiment) physical arousal plus cognitive label then emotion Maslow and Rogers Humanists, unconditional positive regard, client centered therapy Aaron Beck Cognitive Therapy, change thinking Albert Ellis Cognitive Rational Emotive Therapy, challenge logic of patient Eysenck and Myers-Briggs Trait Perspective- introvert/extrovert, personality inventories Hans-Selye Bodies response to stress (ARE)- Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion Solomon Asch Conformity, line study Stanley Milgram Obedience- 63% go all the way Muzafer Sherif Superordinate goals to alleviate prejudice Elizabeth Loftus Constructive Memory, misinformation effect, false uncovered memories Martin Seligman Positive Psychology, Learned Helplessness Noam Chomsky Cognitive Linguist, Language Acquisition Device Benjamin Whorf (Linguistic Hypothesis)- words affect