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Chapter 2: Ecology Flushing High School Trisha Ferris Ch. 2 Learning Targets • • • • • • • • • • I can define biology I can identify possible benefits from studying biology I can summarize the characteristics of living things I can describe the levels of biological organizations. I can explain the difference between abiotic factors and biotic factors. I can differentiate between an organism’s habitat and its niche. I can describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. I can identify the ultimate energy source for photosynthetic producers. I can describe food chains, food webs, and pyramid models. I can describe how nutrients move through the biotic and abiotic parts of an ecosystem. • I can explain the importance of nutrients to living organisms. • I can compare the biogeochemical cycles of nutrients. Chapter 2 - Vocabulary • Biology = The study of living things • Organism = Anything that is or once was a living thing • Organization = Orderly structure shown by living things • Growth = Process that results in mass being added to an organism; may include formation of new cells and new structures • Development = Changes an organism undergoes in its lifetime before reaching its adult form • Reproduction = Production of offspring • Species = Group of organisms that can interbred and produce fertile offspring • Stimulus = Any change in an organism’s internal or external environment that causes the organism to react • Response = An organism’s reaction to a stimulus • Homeostasis = Regulation of an organism’s internal environment to maintain conditions needed for life • Adaptation = Characteristics of a species that are passed on from generation to generation that develops over time in response to the environment, enabling a species to survive Chapter 2 Vocabulary • Abiotic factors = nonliving factor in an organism’s environment • Autotroph = organism that captures energy from sunlight or inorganic substances to produce its own food • Biological community = all the interacting populations of different species that live in the same geographic location at the same time • Biomass = total mass of living matter at each trophic level • Biome = large group of ecosystems that share the same climate and have similar types of communities • Biosphere = relatively thin layer of Earth and its atmosphere that supports life • Biotic factors = any living factor in an organism’s environment • Carbon and Oxygen Cycles = process by which oxygen released into the atmosphere by photosynthetic organisms is taken up by aerobic organisms while the carbon dioxide released as a by-product of respiration is taken up for photosynthesis • Carnivore = heterotroph that preys on other heterotrophs • Commensalism = symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other organism is neither helped nor harmed • Detritivore = heterotroph that decomposes organic material and returns the nutrients so they are available to other organisms • Ecology = scientific study of all the interrelationships between organisms and their environment • Ecosystem = biological community and all the nonliving factors that affect it • Food chain = simplified model that shows a single path for energy flow through an ecosystem Chapter 2 Vocabulary • Food web = model that shows many interconnected food chains and pathways in which energy and matter flow through an ecosystem • Habitat = physical area in which an organism lives • Herbivore = heterotroph that eats only plants • Heterotroph = organism that cannot make its own food and gets its nutrients and energy requirements by feeding on other organisms • Matter = anything that takes up space and has mass • Mutualism = symbiotic relationship in which both organism benefit • Niche = role, or position of an organism in its environment • Nutrient = chemical substance that living organisms obtain from the environment to carry out life processes and sustain life • Omnivore = heterotroph that consumes both plants and animals • Parasitism = symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits at the expense of another organism • Population = group of organisms of the same species that occupy the same geographic place at the same time • Predation = act of one organism feeding on another organism • Symbiosis = close mutualistic, parasitic, or commensal association between two or more species that live together • Trophic level = each step in a food chain or food web • Water cycle = the cycle of processes by which water circulates between the earth’s oceans, atmosphere, and land, involving precipitation, evaporation, and transpiration Nonliving Vs. Living Nonliving: Plant A Living: Plant B • How do we know that this plant ISN’T alive? • How do we know that this plant IS alive? Made of Cells: All living things are made of one or more cells Take in and Use Energy: All living things require energy for daily processes Grow and Develop: All living things grow and change over time Share Similar Chemicals: Living things contain proteins, DNA, etc… Sense and Respond to Change: Living things react to stimuli in their surroundings Reproduce: All living things spread their genes via sexual or asexual reproduction life air bacteria sunlight reproduction It provides organisms with energy for life functions. It helps organisms to: breakdown food, grow, move substances within their bodies or cells, and reproduce. It provides organisms with: A place where they can get food, water, find shelter, appropriate temperature, amount of sunlight, and air. Homeostasis: It allows organisms to: maintain stable conditions inside the body (control temperature and amount of water) and maintain cell functions.