Download Endocrine 2

BIOL 2030 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
Recall that the main functions of the
endocrine system are to…
Regulate tissues/cells
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1.
2.
Metabolism
Control of food intake &
digestion
3. Tissue development
4. Ion levels
5. Water balance
6. Heart rate and blood pressure
7. Control of blood glucose &
nutrients
8. Control of reproduction
9. Uterine and mammary
contractions
10. Immune system function
What are the parts and how do they fit?
Guiding questions for this chapter:
What gland?
What hormone?
What target tissue(s)?
What response?
What problems?
What Gland?
What Gland?
________________
Portion of the brain
connected to the
pituitary via the
thin stalk called the
__________.
Hypothalamus is
comprised of
_______________.
What Hormones?
All the hormones formed by the hypothalamus are either
“R” ____________ or “I” _____________.
_______ -- Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone
_______ -- Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone
_______ -- Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
_______ -- Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone
_______ -- Corticotropin Releasing Hormone
_______ -- Prolactin Releasing Hormone
_______
-- Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone
What target tissue(s)?
All of the
hypothalamus
hormones (“R” and
“I”) target the cells
in the _________
___________.
Note that the
hypothalamus
interacts
specifically with
the …
What is the target tissue response?
In response to the “R” and “I”
hormones of the hypothalamus, the
anterior pituitary _______________
that influence the activity of different
glands throughout the body. The
action and type of the second
hormone (anterior pituitary) is
specified in the name of the first
hormone (hypothalamal)
Ex. Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone
causes the secretion of ___________________
How does the hypothalamus
interact with the pituitary?
Hypothalamal
hormones travel to
the anterior pituitary
gland via a special
blood vessel network
called a ______
_______. The whole
structure is referred
to as the …
What Gland?
What Gland?
The _______
is comprised
of 2 distinct
tissues from 2
distinct
origins:
1)
2)
We will consider them individually…
1) _________________ (___________________)
2) _________________ (___________________)
What Hormones?
All the hormones
secreted by the
_________ ______are
actually formed by
_________________ in
the ____________ and
are distributed along
axonic nerve tracts,
down the __________
to the enlarged vesicles
in the posterior
pituitary.
________ -- Synthetic is Pitocin
_____ (__________) -- Anti
Diuretic Hormone
What target tissue(s)?
What is the target tissue
response?
Oxytocin -causes _______
______ contraction
in the mammary
glands and uterus.
ADH -causes the ______
to reabsorb water
from urine.
What Gland?
___________________
(adenohypophysis)
What Hormones?
____ -- Thyroid Stimulating
Hormone
____ -- Adreno
CorticoTropic Hormone
___ -- Luteinizing Hormone
_____ -- Follicle
Stimulating Hormone
________ --
_______________…
cause secretion of
______ hormones
from other glands!
What Gland?
________________
(adenohypophysis)
What Hormones?
____ -- Growth Hormone
____ -- MelanocyteStimulating Hormone
____________ -______________--
What target tissues & target tissue responses?
GH
--
MSH
Lipotropin
ß endorphins
ACTH
-----
LH
--
FSH
--
Prolactin
--
-- a.a. uptake, lipolysis,
somatomedins
-- darker skin color
-- lipolysis
-- Analgesia
-- glucocorticoid
secretion (cortisol)
-- ovulation/progesterone,
testosterone
-- follicle/estrogen,
sperm cell production
-- progesterone, milk
What Gland?
Thyroid Gland consists
of 2 lobes joined by a
narrow bridge
(___________).
Located _________ to
the larynx and
__________ to the
trachea.
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What Gland?
Functionally the thyroid
can be divided into 2 main
histological components:
1) _________________,
which surround sacs
(follicles) within the
thyroid
and
2) _________________,
which are found in clusters
in between follicles.
Parafollicular
cells
Follicular
cells
Follicle
What Hormones?
Follicular cells
secrete
____
(triiodothyronine)
and
____
(tetraiodothyronine
or thyroxine)
These hormones depend on _____ for their synthesis. They
are bound with the protein thyroglobulin inside the follicle.
About __________worth stored in follicles and in
circulation. T3 & T4 released from thyroglobulin before
release into bloodstream.
What Hormones?
T3 and T4 (thyroxine)
What target tissues and target tissue responses?
Targets =
Response =
> _________,
> _____
_________
and ______
growth &
development
What Gland
& Hormone?
________________ of
the thyroid gland
secrete their own
hormone: __________.
What target tissue(s)
& response?
Calcitonin…
Calcitonin = Blood Ca2+
Parafollicular
cells
Take 5!!!
An enlargement of the
thyroid (goiter) can develop
from iodine deficiencies.
Why does the thyroid gland
respond by swelling?
Discuss with your neighbor
and predict an answer
What diseases & disorders are related to too <>?
_______________
(Grave’s disease)
Symptoms?
Hypothyroidism
Symptoms?
What Gland?
___________
glands are
comprised of 2
pairs (__) small
glands embedded
in the
_____________
portion of the
thyroid lobes.
Take 5!!!
This patient exhibits
retardation of both
mental development
and growth… a blood test indicates
that he is NOT Down’s Syndrome
and he does NOT have a shortage of
growth hormone. What hormone IS
insufficient?
Discuss with your neighbor
and predict an answer
What Hormones?
A
_____ -- Parathyroid
Hormone.
Which of the 2
photomicrographs
is of parathyroid
tissue?
(hint: only thyroid
stores products
extracellularly)
B
What target tissue(s)?
Bone, small intestines and kidneys
are target organs for _____.
PTH
What is the target tissue
response?
= Blood Ca2+
Antagonist to Calcitonin
The response of all three types of organs is to attempt to
_________________________________ (Ca2+ ).
Osseous (bone) tissue responds with an elevated _______
(dissolve bone) activity and suppressed ________ (build
bone) activity.
______________and __________ increase re-absorption
rate of Ca2+ from digested food and urine respectively.
What Gland?
Adrenal
gland
____________ are a pair
of glands that sit superior
to the kidneys.
These glands have 2
distinct components, each
with distinct
developmental origins.
An outer layer of the gland, the _________ is derived from
________. While the inner layer of the gland, the ________
is derived from _________________ during development.
What Hormones?
The hormones
secreted are specific to
each region of the
gland.
Medulla:
Cortex has 3 subregions:
_____________ : Adrenal androgens (ex. Androstenedione)
_____________ : glucocorticoids (ex. Cortisol)
_____________ : mineralocorticoids (ex. Aldosterone)
What target tissue(s) & response for epinephrine?
Target tissues
include …
The response
is…
Preparation for physical activity
What target tissue(s) & response for adrenal
androgens?
_________________ (ex.
Androstenedione) are converted
enzymatically into more potent
androgens such as ___________.
In males this has minimal effect
compared to testosterone
secretion. During development
__________ of these adrenal
androgens can play an important
role in genital development.
Adrenogenital
syndrome
What target tissue(s) & response for
glucocorticoids?
______________ (ex. Cortisol) target many
tissues including, muscle, skeletal, adipose, liver
& immune.
The non-immune component’s responses are …
Immune response is _____________ and lowered
____________.
See Cushing’s Syndrome for long-term effects
Take 5!!!
Cortisone, a drug similar to
cortisol is sometimes given
to people who have severe
allergies. Taking this
substance chronically can
damage the adrenal cortex.
Explain how this damage
Discuss with your
can occur!
neighbor and predict
Hint: start by mapping out the
regulation of this hormone
an answer
Take 5!!!
What target tissue(s) & response for
minerlocorticoids?
_________________ (ex. Aldosterone) target
mainly renal tissues (kidneys).
The response is an increased re-absorption of ___,
(which results in increased _______________ and
blood volume) and increased excretion of ____
We will discuss this in more detail while exploring
the Excretory (Urinary) system.
Take 5!!!
Because high blood levels of
aldosterone cause retention
of Na+ and excretion on K+,
predict and explain the
effects of high aldosterone
levels and conversely low
aldosterone levels on muscle Discuss with your
and nervous tissue?
neighbor and predict
an answer
What Gland?
The __________ functions
as both an _______ gland
(products transported via
ducts) and as an _______
gland (ductless).
The endocrine portion of
the pancreas is restricted
to small clumps of cells
called _______________
(or islets of Langerhans).
What Hormones?
Pancreatic islets are
comprised of 3 distinct
types of cells, each
producing a particular
hormone/intercellular
chemical:
_____ (α) cells : Glucagon
____ (ß) cells : Insulin
____ (δ) cells : Somatostatin (what type of signal?)
What target tissue(s)
and responses?
_____: most tissues
(except CNS) -- Causes
cellular uptake of glucose,
a. a. & fatty acids from
blood.
_______: primarily liver - Causes breakdown of
glycogen.
____________: alpha and
beta cells of pancreas -Inhibits their activity.
What Gland?
The ______are male
sex glands that
secrete
___________,
which targets many
cells in the body and
which results in
masculinization.
The ________ are female
sex glands that secrete
__________ and
___________. These
hormones influence female
secondary sex
characteristics as well as
many other functions.
We will discuss in more detail during
explorations of the Reproductive system.
What Gland?
What Gland?
The ____________ is in the epithalamus.
It secretes ____________, which targets
the hypothalamus.
The response is decreased ____ secretion.
What effect on reproduction?
Activity is sensitive to _________.
What Gland?
The _______________is
located superior to the
heart.
This gland is associated
Thymus
with immune function
and influences the
maturation of white blood
cells called _____ via
hormone ____________.
The Thymus gland
__________ with age.
Do other organs/structures secrete hormones ?
The __________: atrial natriuretic hormone
The _______: Calcitriol
Erythropoietin
The ______: Somatomedins
Erythropoietin
Angiotensinogen
The ______ and _______________: enteric hormones
The __________: estrogen and progesterone
A few more thought questions?
A person with a toxic goiter tends to sweat profusely.
Explain this in terms of homeostasis!
Review the effects of anabolic steroid abuse and
explain how some of these effects may relate to the
concept of down-regulation.