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Group 1-Anatomy of the Heart and Great Vessels
1. Name and locate the atria, ventricles, septum, valves, vena cavae, aorta, coronary arteries and cardiac veins,
and the pericardium.
2. Why is the thickness of the right side of the heart less than that of the left side of the heart?
3. What accounts for the flow of blood in ONE direction?
4. Compare and contrast arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins as related to their structure and
function.
5. Describe the location and orientation of the heart within the chest.
1. Coronary arteries and cardiac
veins go around the heart. The
septum divides the left and right side
of the heart and looks like pink
spongy stuff (labeled cardiac muscle
at the bottom). The pericardium is a
tissue sac that surrounds the heart to
protect it and decrease the amount of
friction or rubbing against the heart.
2. The left side of the heart is thicker because it has to pump blood to the whole body so it needs to create a
higher pressure where the right side only pumps it to the lungs.
3. Valves prevent blood from backflowing
4.
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Carries high pressure blood
1 cell thick
Carries low pressure blood
Thick
Low blood pressure
Thin
Small opening on inside
In muscles and lungs
Large opening inside
Carries blood away from heart
Where gases and nutrients are
exchanged between the blood
and surrounding tissues
Collapsable
All have oxygenated blood
(except pulmonary artery)
Has valves
Carries deoxygenated blood
(except for pulmonary vein)
5. In the center of the thoracic cavity pointing towards the left side of the body
Group 2- The Path of Blood Flow
1. What is meant by pulmonary and systemic circuits?
2. Trace the path of blood through the heart and major vessels, the pulmonary circuit, the systemic circuit, and
the coronary arteries and veins (cardiac circuit).
3. Describe the relationship between pressure, flow and resistance in the pulmonary and systemic circuits. What
is the average amount of blood in a human being?
1. Pulmonary circuit is the pathway blood takes too and from the lungs (heartpulmonary arterycapillaries
around lung alveolipulmonary veinheart)
Systemic circuit is the pathway blood takes too and from the body (heartaortabody (head, shoulders,
knees and toes)vena cavae heart)
2. Vena cavae right atrium through tricuspid valve (right AV valve) right ventricle  right semilunar
valve  pulmonary artery  lungs  pulmonary vein  left atrium  mitral valve (left AV)  left
ventricle  left semilunar valve aorta  and to 3 main places 1. Head and top half of body or 2. Cardiac
arteries that serve the heart tissue or 3. Lower body.
In each of those 3 places, they go through capillaries, to veins, and back to the vena cavae and heart (veins
on the heart are called cardiac veins)
3. High pressure in arteries and low in capillaries and veins. Higher resistance in arteries but a greater flow
because pressure is pushing it. Opposite in veins—lower resistance but lower flow because working against
gravity which is why valves help it flow back to the heart.
Average blood: 5 L
Group 3- The Conduction System and Heart Sounds
1. Describe the intrinsic conducting system of the heart including the location and function of the SA node, AV
node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers.
2. Relate the ECG waves to what is happening in the heart's conductions system.
3. Describe some changes that may be seen in the ECG of an abnormal heart.
4. Relate the first and second heart sounds (S1 and S2) to the events of the cardiac cycle.
5. What are heart murmurs?
1. All of these help conduct the electrical current of the heart (think of one long action potential that causes all
of the heart muscle cells to contract). The SA node has an electrical signal that it sends across both atria,
causing them to contract simultaneously. When it reaches the AV node (right between the atria and
ventricles), it causes those cells to produce an electrical signal that goes down the bundle of His, bundle
branches and the Purkinje fibers that are cells found in the ventricles. This spreads the electrical signal very
quickly so that the ventricles contract simultaneously.
2. ECG measures the electrical current across the heart as it contracts (which is when it is conducting an
electrical signal)
3. An ECG can be upside down, shorter or have extra humps.
4. S1 is when the AV valves close when the atria relax and S2 is when the semilunar valves close when the
ventricles contract.
5. Heart murmurs are abnormal heart sounds.
Group 4- Causes of Cardiac Arrest
1. Describe what happens during a "heart attack". How can a heart attack cause death?
2. What is an arrhythmia? Describe several types of arrhythmias and how they can lead to death.
3. How can blunt trauma to the chest affect the cardiovascular system?
4. How can sharp trauma affect the cardiovascular system?
1. A heart attack is when heart cells get damaged because there is not enough blood flowing to them. If there
is a clot in a coronary artery, the heart cells can’t get the oxygen they need to produce energy for work and
the heart will stop working.
2. Arrhythmia is abmormal heart rhythm. Tachychardia is when the heart beats too fast and it can’t fill up with
enough blood to pump to the rest of the body. Bradychardia is when the heart beats slower than normal
causing tiredness, etc., which can lead to death.
3. Blunt trauma is non-penetrating and can cause internal bleeding. If you bleed out, your cells don’t get the
oxygen you need and you die.
4. Sharp trauma is penetrating and can cause a wound to an artery or blood vessel which could also cause one
to bleed out and die.
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