Download Motivation and Emotion

Motivation and Emotion
Unit 4
Internal processes that:
1.
Guide
2.
Activate
3. Sustain
Motivation
Physiological
Hunger
Sexual motivation
Cognitive
Expectancy
Self-fulfillment

Drive Theories
Motivation
◦ Drive Reduction: Process of reducing drives and
needs as much as possible
◦ Homeostasis: Maintenance of equilibrium

Incentive Theories: Stimuli that influence the
individual toward certain actions
◦ Intrinsic: Motivation that acts for it’s own sake
◦ Extrinsic: Motivation involves reinforcements
and punishments that accompany an act
Motivation

Types of Motivation:
◦ Primary : Automatic built in process based on
biological needs
◦ Secondary: Develops as result of particular
learning experiences because these secondary
motivators have led to satisfaction of the
primary motivations.

Similar to Operant Conditioning principles
The Hierarchy of Needs

Abraham Maslow stated that man is
driven by his desire to fulfill basic needs.
◦ Hierarchy of Needs was structured as a
pyramid, with the most basic needs
toward the bottom and moving up.
◦ We must meet the needs of lower levels
before we can move toward the top.

The ultimate goal: Self Actualization
◦ The experiencing of a transcendent,
complete self.
Hierarchy of Needs
Drive Theory
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Biological needs arising within our bodies
create unpleasant states of arousal
Hunger, thirst, fatigue, etc.
Homeostasis- balanced physiological state
Motivation is basically a process in which
various biological needs PUSH us to
actions
Drive Theory: An Overview
Biological need
(need for food, water, oxygen, etc.
Drive state
(hunger, thirst, etc.)
Activation of many different behaviors
Behaviors that do not reduce drive are weakened
Behaviors that reduce drive are strenghtened
A closer look . . . at hunger

Influenced by
◦ Blood sugar level
 Glucose - a simple sugar
 Dips in glucose levels lead to increases in hunger
◦ Brain
 The lateral hypothalamus ‘starts’ the feeling of hunger, the
ventromedial hypothalamus ‘stops’ feelings of hunger
◦ Hormones
 Insulin - must be present to extract glucose from blood
 Insulin stimulates the storage of food molecules as fat
◦ Set point – the particular body weight that is easiest for
an animal to maintain
 Are relatively constant but can go up with prolonged over-eating
(but does not tend to go down with prolonged under-eating)
Hunger
Physiological Mechanisms
 Short Term Reduction
 Glucose most abundant sugar in the body
 Hormone insulin increases the flow of glucose and several other
nutrients into the body cells
 Long Term Hunger Regulation:
 Long term correct short term
 Correction mechanism involves hormone leptin produced in the
body fat cells- When the body gains fat, leptin changes the
activity in the hypothalamus leading to faster hunger satisfaction

A Closer Look . . . at hunger

If it were only that simple…
◦ Environmental factors which influence
hunger/eating
 Learned preferences & habits
 STRESS!!
 External cues
 It’s “dinnertime”
 Dietary restraints

Problems with eating can result in all sorts of
problems . . .
Problems With Eating

Obesity
◦ More than 20% above norm for height/build-20 to 40 % above
the average is mild obesity
◦ 41% to 100% is moderate obesity
◦ Basal metabolic rate
 Rate at which body burns calories just to stay alive
 Aerobic activity will increase basal metabolic rate
Problems With Eating

Anorexia Nervosa
◦ Eating disorder marked by self-starvation
◦ Body mass varies by greater than 10% of normal BMI
Bulimia
◦ Eating disorder marked by binging & purging
 BOTH caused by combo of brain & social malfunctioning
◦ Body mass stays within 10% of normal

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

◦ A psychological disorder causing the body to appear
to differ from reality to the individual
The Physiology of Sex
In the 1960’s William Masters and Virginia
Johnson set out to explore the physiology
of sex.
 382 females and 312 males.
 Only people who were willing to have sex
and display orgasm in a lab environment.
 Filmed more than 10,000 sex cycles.

Results of M & J Study
The Sexual Response Cycle (Four Stages)
1. Excitement Phase
2. Plateau Phase
3. Orgasm
4. Resolution
Kinsey’s Studies
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Confidential interviews with
18,000 people (in early 1950’s).
Most men and half of all women
have premarital sex.
Almost all men and women
masturbate.
Women who had orgasms while
masturbating were more likely to
report having orgasms after
marriage.
Good Start- but major problems with his study- sampling,
States of Sexual Motivation
Gender Identity
n Sexual Orientation
n
Arousal Theory
Optimization NOT Minimization
Arousal: Our general level of
activation
May fluctuate
Biological influences??
Sensation seekers
Yerkes-Dodson law
Yerkes-Dodson law

There is a relationship between,
optimal performance and the
level of arousal necessary.
Expectancy Theory
Behavior is determined by expectations
(desirable outcomes).
Thoughts about future PULL your
behavior.
Incentives determine the behaviors
exhibited.
Achievement Motivation
Fear of Failure
 Drive Theory
 Expectancy Theory
 Theories of Management:

◦ Scientific-Management Approach aka Theory
X
◦ Human-Relations Approach aka Theory Y
Achievement Motivation
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Individuals vary in their need for achievement
Extrinsic vs Intrinsic rewards
Accomplishing a goal for it’s own sake
Individuals with a high achievement motivation set goals that are
high yet realistic
Individuals with a low achievement motivation often possess a
tendency to move toward fear of failure –avoiding defeat rather than
gaining victory
Research has shown that Men have a stronger need for achievement than
woman
Goal-Setting
•
Wood & Locke(1990)
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Specific
Challenging
Attainable
Feedback can improve
performance.
Take life in strides…
Emotions
1.
2.
3.
Physiological responses
Subjective feelings
Expressive reactions
Emotional Behaviors
Emotional

Intelligence
Perceive, imagine, and understand emotions and use that
info to make decisions
Autonomic

Nervous System
Internal organs
Sympathetic

Nervous System
Fight and flight
Parasympathetic
Nervous System

Non emergency actions

Decrease heart rate, promotes digestion
Theories of Emotion

James-Lange Theory:
Theories of Emotion

Cannon-Bard Theory:
Theories of Emotion

Schachter-Singer Theory:
Theories of Emotion
.
Stress and Health
Behavioral medicine emphasizes the effects of
diet, smoking, exercise, stressful experiences,
and other behaviors on health.
 Emotions and other experiences influence
illness and pattern of recovery.

Stress and Health
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Hans Selye (1979) defined stress as the
non-specific response of the body to any
demand made upon it.
Threats on the body activate a general
response to stress called the general
adaptation syndrome.
Stress
Psychosomatic Illness
Psychosomatic Illness: Real illness
influenced by a persons experiences
Personality Types:
 Type A: Highly Completive, very impatient
often in a hurry and frequently angry and
hostile
 Type B: More easy going, less hostile, less
hurried
Psychosomatic Illness
 Coping with Stress
◦ Monitoring: Takes effective action to the
stressful event
◦ Blunting: Avoids the event or even thinking
about it
Buffers for Stress
Autonomy
Control
Social Support
Self Efficacy
Relaxation Techniques
Exercise
Meditation
Active relaxation vs Passive relaxation
Psychosomatic Illness
Pain
Mixture of sensation and emotion
Different brain areas govern the
sensory and emotional qualities
Telling people to expect pain or
distracting them can lead to a change in
emotional response without changing
the sensation itself