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Motivation
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Refers to the various physiological and psychological factors that
cause us to act in a specific way at a particular time.
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Psychologists have
proposed over 6,000
different instincts to
explain every kind of
human motivation.
Instinct Theory
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Instinct- are innate
tendencies or biological
forces that determine
behavior.
Fixed Action Pattern- an
innate biological force
that predisposes an
organism to behave in a
fixed way in the presence
of a specific
environmental condition.
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Theory states that a
need results in a drive,
which is a state of
tension that motivates
the organism to act to
reduce the tension and
return the body to
homeostasis.
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Need- a biological state in
which the organism lacks
something essential for
survival.
Drive- a state of tension
that motivates the
organism to act to reduce
that tension.
Homeostasis- tendency of
the body to return to, and
remain in, a more
balanced state.
Drive-Reduction Theory
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Incentivesenvironmental factors,
such as external
stimuli, reinforcers, or
rewards, that motivate
our behavior.
Grades, praise, money,
degree etc.
Incentive Theory
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Motivation based on
intrinsic rewards.
Intrinsic Motivationinvolves engaging in
certain activities or
behaviors because the
behaviors themselves
are personally
rewarding or because
engaging in these
activities fulfills our
beliefs or expectations.
Cognitive Theory
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Level 5- Self-Actualization: Fulfillment of one’s
unique potential.
Level 4- Esteem Needs: Achievement,
competency, gaining approval and recognition.
Level 3- Love and Belonging Needs: Affiliation
with others and acceptance by others.
Level 2- Safety Needs: Protection from harm.
Level 1- Physiological Needs: Food, water, sex,
sleep.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
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Optimal Weight- results
from an almost perfect
balance between how
much food an organism
eats and how much it
needs to meet its body’s
energy needs.
Overweight- 20% over
optimal weight
Obesity- 30% or more over
optimal weight.
Hunger
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Come from physiological
changes in blood chemistry
and signals from digestive
organs that provide
feedback to the brain,
which, in turn, triggers us
to eat or stop eating.
If eating was regulated by
these factors primarily…
you would remain and
optimal weight.
Biological Hunger Factors
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Comes from learned
associations between food
and other stimuli, such as
snacking while watching TV;
socioculture influences, such
as pressures to be thin; and
various personality
problems, such as
depression, dislike of body
image, or low self-esteem.
Psychosocial Hunger Factors
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Come from inherited
instructions found in our
genes.
These instructions
determine the number of
fat cells or metabolic rates
of burning off the body’s
fuel, which push us toward
being normal, overweight,
or underweight.
Genetic Hunger Factors
Peripheral Cues- come from
changes in blood chemistry or
signals from digestive organs.
 Central Cues- come from the
activity of chemicals and
neurotransmitters in different areas
of the brain.
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Sources of Biological
Hunger Factors
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Stomach- monitors the amount and kinds of nutrients our body
needs to restore our depleted stores of fuel. In addition, after we
eat a meal, the stomach’s walls are distended and their stretch
receptors signal fullness and time to stop eating.
Liver- monitors nutrients, especially the level of glucose (sugar) in
the blood. When the level of glucose falls, the liver signals hunger;
when it rises, the liver signals full.
Intestines- respond to the presence of food, especially fats, by
secreting a hormone called CCK (cholecystokinin), which inhibits
eating.
Fat Cells- secrete a hormone (leptin) that is monitored by the
brain. In turn, the brain signals a person to eat or stop eating so
that a certain level of body fat remains constant over a lifetime.
Peripheral Cues
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Hypothalamus- area of brain that has many different groups
of cells that are involved in a number of different behaviors
having to do with motivation, such as thirst, sexual behavior,
and regulation of hunger.
Lateral Hypothalamus- a group of cells that regulates hunger
by creating feelings of being hungry.
Ventromedial Hypothalamus- a group of cells that regulates
hunger by creating feelings of satiety (say-TIE-ah-tea), or
fullness.
Galanin- a chemical produced by the brain, acts on the
hypothalamus and stimulates eating fat. Norepinephrine,
which is a neurotransmitter produced by the brain, acts on the
hypothalamus and stimulates eating carbohydrates.
Central Cues
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Anorexia- eating
disorder in which the
desire to be thin drives
a person to not eat; or
partially starve
themselves.
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Bulimia- A person that
participates in binge
eating and then
regurgitating the food
so their body does not
absorb the fat cells.
Eating Disorders
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Sexual Behavior
Genetic Sex Factors
Biological Sex Factors
Psychological Sex
Factors
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Sex Chromosome- In
the sperm and the egg;
contains 23
chromosomes, which in
turn have genes that
contain instructions for
determining sex of
child.
Genetic Influences on Sexual
Behavior
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Sex Hormones- Testosterone
for men and estrogen for
women.
Male HypothalamusTriggers release of male sex
hormones.
Female HypothalamusTriggers release of female sex
hormones.
Biological Influences on
Sexual Behavior
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Gender Identity
Gender Roles
Sexual Orientation
Psychological Influences
on Sexual Behavior
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Aides survival
Humans want to
belong
Act to increase social
acceptance
Maintaining
relationships
Avoid pain of ostracism
Fortifying health
Human Need to Belong
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Industrial Psychology: field
that concentrates on optimizing
human behavior in the
workplace.
Personnel Psychology: subfield
of I/O Psychology that focuses
on employee recruitment,
selection, placement, training,
and development.
Motivation and Work
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Flow: focused state
with diminished
awareness of time and
self due to complete
engagement of one’s
skills.
Flow
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Social Needs- Acquired through learning and experience
Achievement Needs- desire to set challenging goals and
persistence in pursuing those goals.
Fear of Failure- Avoid failure by choosing easy, nonchallenging tasks.
Self-Handicapping- Doing things that contribute to failure
then using those things as an excuse, knowingly or
unknowingly.
Underachievers- are individuals who have a lot of potential,
but fail to achieve.
Achievement
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Intrinsic Motivationinvolves engaging in
certain activities or
behaviors without
receiving any external
rewards because the
behaviors themselves
are personally
rewarding in some
way.
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Extrinsic Motivationinvolves engaging in
certain activities or
behaviors that either
reduce biological needs
or help us obtain
incentives and external
rewards.
Cognitive Influences