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Motivation Hunger • Three hunger factors – Biological – Psychosocial – Genetic Hunger • Biological • Physiological changes in blood chemistry and signals from digestive organs that provide feedback to the brain, which, in turn triggers us to eat or stop eating – Hunger comes from Peripheral and Central Cues Hunger • Peripheral Cues • Changes in blood chemistry or signals from digestive organs – Stomach • Monitors the amount and kinds of nutrients our body needs in order to restore fuel • Stomach’s walls are distended and their stretch receptors signal fullness or time to stop eating Hunger • Liver – Monitors nutrients, especially glucose, in blood – When level of glucose falls, we are hungry; when level rises, we are full • Intestines – Responds to the presence of food by secreting hormones, CCK (cholecystokinin), which inhibits eating Hunger • Fat cells – Secrete a hormone that is monitored by the brain – Brain signals the person to eat or stop eating so that a certain level of body fat remains constant over a person’s lifetime Hunger • Central Cues • Come from the activity of chemicals and neurotransmitters in different areas of the brain – Hypothalamus • Many different cells that are involved in a number of different behaviors having to do with motivation, such as thirst, sexual, behavior, and regulation of hunger Hunger • Lateral Hypothalamus – Group of cells that regulates hunger by creating feelings of being hungry • Ventromedial Hypothalamus – Group of cells that regulates hunger by creating feelings of satiety, or fullness • Galanin- stimulates by eating fat • Norepineprine- stimulates by eating carbohydrates Hunger • Genetic Factors – Come from inherited instructions found in our genes – Determines the number of fat cells or metabolic rates of burning off the body’s fuel, which pushes us toward being normal, overweight, or underweight Hunger • Fat cells – People who inherit a larger number of fat cells have the ability to store more fat and are more likely to be fatter than average • Metabolic rate – How efficiently our bodies break food down into energy and how quickly our bodies burn off that fuel Hunger • Set point – Certain level of body fat that our bodies strive to maintain constant throughout our lives • Weight regulating genes – Plays a role in influencing appetite, body metabolism, and secretion of hormones that regulate fat stores Hunger • Psychosocial Factors – Learned associations • We do not eat because we are hungry, but because of other factors – Socio-cultural influences • Pressures to be thin • Having money to eat – Personality traits • Bulimia, anorexia, depression Sexual behavior • Three factors of sexual behavior – Genetic – Biological – Psychological Sexual behavior • Genetic Sex Factors • Include inherited instructions for the development of sexual organs, secretion of sex hormones, and the writing of neural circuits that control sexual reflexes – Sex chromosome • Contain instructions for determining the sex of the child Sexual behavior • Human egg always contains an X chromosome • Human Sperm can have either X or Y chromosomes • Males- XY • Females- XX Sexual Behavior • Differentiation – Embryo is the same for the first four weeks • Y chromosome has instructions for growing testes that produce testosterone – Testosterone triggers the development of the male sex organ and programs the hypothalamus for puberty • The second X chromosome contains instructions for developing ovaries, which do not contain testosterone Sexual behavior • Biological influences – Sex hormones- chemicals secreted by the glands • Males- androgens, testosterone –Secondary sexual characteristics- facial and pubic hair, muscle growth, and lowered voice • Females- estrogen –Pubic hair, breast development, widening of the hips Sexual behavior • Psychological factors – Sexual or gender identity • Individuals subjective experience and feelings of being either a male or a female – Gender role • Traditional or stereotypic behaviors, attitudes, and personality traits that society designates as feminine or masculine Sexual behavior • Sexual orientation – Refers to whether a person is sexually aroused primarily by members of his or her own sex, the opposite sex, or both sexes – Genetic or environmental?
