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The Rise and Fall of Rome Pax Romana 500 BC ©2012, TESCCC 476 AD Rise of Rome Roman Republic Expands: The Roman Empire Roman Republic is Established at around 509 BC Early Settlement of Rome in the Italian Peninsula at around 700 BC along the Tiber River ©2012, TESCCC Pax Romana “Roman Peace” (lasting about 200 years from 27 BC to 395 AD) Early Romans: • Latin- Early settlers of Rome • Etruscans- Northern Italy – Eventually take control of Rome and build it into a great city. – Build it on 7 hills for protection. • 509 BC- Romans drive Etruscans out. ©2012, TESCCC Roman Government: Republic • Republic - a government with elected representatives • Twelve Tables • Patricians • Plebeians • Senate • Consuls ©2012, TESCCC Roman government • Patricians- wealthy landowners that controlled the republic. • Consuls- two individuals that directed the daily affairs of government and led the army. – One-year terms ©2012, TESCCC The Senate • 300-member council of patricians that made laws and served Rome –Most powerful part of the Republic ©2012, TESCCC The Plebeians • The common people (common farmers, artisans, merchants) • Had no say in government • Allowed to take part in the assembly, but had less power than the Senate. • Twelve Tables- 451 BCE – Plebeians have Roman laws written. – Gives common people some protection against unfair patrician decisions. ©2012, TESCCC The Punic Wars • 264-202 BCE- Series of wars between Rome and Carthage for control of Mediterranean – Carthage – North African city founded by Phoenicians. • First Punic War (Rome wins) – Rome-superior army/Carthage-superior navy – Rome gains Sicily – makes it a province • Second Punic War (Rome wins) – Hannibal invades Italy. ©2012, TESCCC Hannibal • Carthaginian general • Invades Italy from the north via the Alps with elephants. • Battle of Cannae – Hannibal pulls back from Rome. – Romans believe he is retreating and follow. – Hannibal surrounds and defeats. • Scipio- Roman general attacks Carthage – Hannibal tries to return home. – Defeats Hannibal at the Battle of Zama. ©2012, TESCCC Destruction of Carthage • Romans burn it because it represented Hannibal. • Survivors sold into slavery. • Becomes a Roman province along with Greece and the Mediterranean. ©2012, TESCCC ©2012, TESCCC The Roman Republic in Crisis • Hannibal’s invasion destroyed the farms. • Newly conquered lands begin to import food into Rome. – Farmer income declines. – Latifundia (large estates) created. ©2012, TESCCC The Gracchus Brothers • Tiberius Gracchus – Elected to tribune promising aid to the farmers – Called for taking land and distributing it to the landless • Limit farm size • Gaius Gracchus – Gives grain to the poor – Opened more land to farmers – Secured more rights for the middle class ©2012, TESCCC More turmoil… • Romans originally stayed united due to their fear of Carthage – No Carthage – nothing to fear • Senate unable to provide effective leadership – Patricians become more concerned w/ keeping their power and wealth. • Slave revolts! ©2012, TESCCC Spartacus • 73 BCE • Proclaims war on Rome in attempt to free the slaves. • 2 years of successful revolts • Eventually killed along with 6000 followers. ©2012, TESCCC The rise of dictators • Dictator- one person w/ absolute power • Military loyalty came from loyalty to Rome. • Gaius Marius – Ensures loyalty of troops by promising loot from conquered lands. • Lucius Sulla – Rival to Marius – Bloody wars over power – Kills Marius and becomes dictator of Rome. ©2012, TESCCC First triumvirate • 60 BCE- Three army generals unite to rule Rome. – Pompey – Crassus – Julius Caesar • Caesar becomes consul and commands the Roman legions in Gaul. – Conquers Gaul (France) and England. • Pompey gets support from Senate. – Orders Caesar to return home w/out the army. • Caesar invades Rome w/ army and defeats Pompey. – Becomes a “hero of the empire.” ©2012, TESCCC Julius Caesar • • Reforms Rome 1. Reorganized government with him as dictator. 2. Lowered taxes. 3. Makes governors responsible to him. 4. Grants citizenship to conquered peoples. March 15, 44 BCE- Caesar assassinated – Stabbed in the Senate as many became jelious – Augustus Caesar becomes next ruler – Pax Romana (a period of peace: 27 BC to 395 AD) ©2012, TESCCC The Roman Empire • Augustus Caesar gains control of the following: – Military • Takes complete control of army • Gives veterans bonuses of land. – Provinces • Supervised all the governors. – Loyalty to Rome • Granted citizenship to more conquered peoples of Europe. ©2012, TESCCC Second triumvirate • • • • Mark Antony Lepidus Octavian Created by Mark Antony – Falls in love w/ Cleopatra, queen of Egypt • Octavian crushes the combined fleet of Antony and Cleopatra. ©2012, TESCCC Octavian • 31 BCE- creates the Roman Empire • Allows Senate to keep some power, but he would retain sole rulership. • Changes name to Augustus – “honored and majestic” • Takes title of “Caesar” – “first citizen” ©2012, TESCCC Pax Romana • “The Roman Peace”- 27-180 AD – Period of peace and prosperity. ©2012, TESCCC Tiberius • 14-37 AD • Augustus’ stepson • Plots and violence become common in Roman politics. ©2012, TESCCC Caligula • Cruel and insane • Rules for 4 years –Assassinated by his imperial guard. ©2012, TESCCC Claudius • 41-54 AD • Restores order to the Roman Empire. ©2012, TESCCC Nero • Claudius’ stepson • Becomes Emperor at age 17. • Becomes bloodthirsty and violent. – Murders own mother for criticizing his mistress. • Rome burns in 64 AD. – Nero blames the Christians. • Army rebels against him, and he commits suicide. ©2012, TESCCC Vespasian • The year after Nero’s death, 2 emperors are assassinated and 1 commits suicide. • Chosen by military as emperor of Rome. • Restores discipline in the army and the administration of the Empire. – Puts down revolts in Judaea and Gaul. ©2012, TESCCC Nerva • Vespasian's sons rule for almost 10 years. • Senate chooses Nerva as the new emperor in 96 AD. • Establishes the adoptive system. – Adopts a son and declares him the heir to the throne. ©2012, TESCCC Trajan • • • • 98-117 AD Adopted son of Nerva. Spanish-born Wise and popular – Eases tax burden. • Empire reaches its greatest size. ©2012, TESCCC Hadrian • 117-138 AD • Devoted to protecting the Empire, rather than expanding it. • Creates Palestine out of Jewish territory. – Encourages non-Jews to live there. ©2012, TESCCC Marcus Aurelius • Last of the adopted emperors – “Good Emperors” • Abandons the adoptive system and chooses his own son as the new emperor – Commodus – unfit to rule – End of the Pax Romana ©2012, TESCCC Roman Empire is divided into the Western Empire and the Eastern Empire by Diocletian and Constantine ©2012, TESCCC Fall of Rome Invasions Weak military • Empire was too large • Increase use of slaves put Romans out of work • Prices increased • Corruption • Decrease in trade • Invasions: Franks, Visigoths, Huns, Vandals, Saxons Failure to collect taxes Bad leadership 476 AD marks the official fall of Rome ©2012, TESCCC