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Psy 120-H (part 2) 2-17-05 Pavlov: Dog sees food, salivates, plays tone, given food, salivates, eventually salivates from tone Conditioned stimulus (tone) Unconditioned Stimulus (food) Conditioned response (salivate from tone) Unconditioned response (salivate from food) Pavlovian/Classical conditioning Operant condtioning- do something, consequences (good or bad) Feared response- baby albert and the rat with the loud sounds Acquisition (cs+ucs) Extinction (cs alone) (pause) Spontaneous recovery of CR Extinction (cs alone) Forms in waves 2-22-05 Psychological Disorders-“a harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be atypical, disturbing, maladaptive, and unjustified -suffering -deviant behavior -norm violation -social discomfort -irrational & unpredictable -5 to +5 on a scale to rate people Adler: -they shun cooperation and contribution -avoids solving real life problems extreme discouragement and dissillionment----------------------optimum positive attitudes DSM-IV-TR Book with diseases in it, constantly updated Asylums/chains-1600s Harsh tactics to control-1700s Rare: effective treatment-1800s Psychology’s influence-1900s Today-2005 Anxiety Disorders -difference between “normal anxiety” and anxiety that leads to a disorder normal: -everyone expierences anxiety from time to time -important to have low to moderate levels of anxiety for optimal performance -a little anxiety motivates you to “go the extra mile” -anxiety is the shadow of intelligence -morality -spirituality Abnormal -intense anxiety where there is no danger -overwhelmed with anxiety is not adaptive, interferes with ability to concentrate GAD-Generalized Anxiety Disorder Chronic excessive worry about a number of event or activities, with no specific threat present 3 of following: restlessness fatigue difficulty concentrating irritability muscle tension sleep disturbance Obsession: a disturbing, involuntary thought or idea that persists despite attempts to stop it Compulsion: a repetitive ritualistic behavior the person feels compelled to perform -washers -checkers (cleanliness) -perfectionist Panic Dissorders -features are recurrent, unpredictable panic attacks -episode in which intense anxiety and physiological symptoms are suddenly expierenced Post Traumatic Stress Dissorder Post-traumatic Stress Disoder occurs following an extremely traumatic event, in which a person re-expierences the event, avoids remainders of the trauma, and exhibits persistent increased arousal Phobia Persistent and disproportionate fear of some specific object or situation that presents little or no actual danger Event-thoughts-bodily sensations-avoidance (start over) 2-24-05 Eating Disorders: -Anorexia nervosa -Bulimia nervosa -Eating Disorder NOS Similarities: Preoccupation with dieting, food, weight, and body size Discomfort when eating with others Severe changes in habits, mood, and personality Hyperactivity, difficulty with concentration and sleep GI complaints, fatigue, headaches, edema, and paresthia Approval seeking Problems with interpersonal relationships Differences: Anorexia: denial of abnormal eating behavior Bulimia: recognizes abnormal eating pattern An: introverted Bul: extroverted An: turns away from food in order to cope Bul: turns to food to cope An: distorted body image Bul: dissatisfaction with body weight and shape An: preoccupation with losing more and more weight Bul: preoccupation with attaining an ideal if not unrealistic weight Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders Dysfunctions vs. Paraphilias: unconventional sex Normal Sex: Phase 1: Desire Phase (fantasies about sexual desire, sense of desire for sex) Phase 2; excitement phase (subjective pleasure and physiological changes) Phase 3: Orgasm (release, sex pleasure) Phase 4: relaxation, sense of well being Performance Anxiety: feeling anxious around the process of sexual intercourse i.e. too much drinking resulting in performance difficulties, resulting in worry about performance next time, creating self fulfilling prophecy Spectatoring: watching oneself, not participating Solution: Sensate Focus Not to have sex, know one another Gradually extinguish the anxiety Paraphilias: unconventional sex Limited research due to taboos Boundries between normal and abnormal become fuzzy Frotteurism: touching and rubbing against a nonconsenting person Fetishism: use of nonliving objects Pedophilia: sexual activity with a pepubescent child or children. Fondling, indifferent to sex. Unskilled interpersonaly and feels in control when dominating a child. Believes partners will benefit, idealizes child Exhibitionism: exposing one’s self to strangers Masochism: humiliated, beaten, bound, suffer, desires pain, deprives brain of oxygen Sadism: psychological or physical suffering, humiliation, victim is sexually exciting to the person, antisocial (most hetero men) Voyeurism: observing an unsuspecting person in process of disrobing’ Transvestic Fetishism: cross dressing NOS: corpses, phone calls, animals, feces, enemas, urine Gender Identity Disorder: cross-gender identification, person wants to be in body of opposite sex 3-1-05 Abnormal Psychology -anxiesty disorders (f) -eating disorders (f) -psychosexual disorders -factitous -somatoform -dissociative (f) -mood (f) -schzophrenic -personality others: males Factitious Disorders: physical symptoms are deliberately fakes -feigning of symptoms to maintain the personal benefits that a sick role may provide (including attention and concern of family, friends, and medical personel) F. Disorders Psych and Physical combo F. disorder by proxy (Munchausen’s Syndrome) Somatoform Disorders: -conversion disorder -symptoms of physical ailments or loss of control appear without any underlying organic pathology: 1. Extreme 2. No physical 3. La bell indifference -pain disorder -report of pain of sufficient duration and severity, causes life disruption -hypochondriasis -hypocondriac, misinterprets symptom not serious disease -Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) -obsession with appearance flaws Dissociative Disorders: -amnesia -fugue -dissociaive identity disorder (MPD) Mood Dissorders: -depressive disorders -major depression, dysthymic -bipolar disorders -bipolar 1 (highs predominant) -bipolar 2 (depression predominant) -cyclothymic Symptoms for depression: -depressed for most of day -lost interest in activites which used to be pleasureable -weight change -sleep change -activity level change -negative self concept -concentration -suicidal cycle of depression: thinking->mood->brain chemistry->thinking 10 Commandments of Suicide 1. unendurable psychological pain: reduce level of suffering, suicidal people will choose life 2. Frustrated psychological needs: needs for security, achievement, trust, and friendship are among the important one not being met, address needs 3. search for solution 4. attempt to end consciousness 5. helplessness and hopelessness 6. constriction of options 7. ambilvalence: call 911 8. communication of intent 9 departure 10. lifelong coping patterns: black and white patters, 10% want to live 3-3-05 Schizophrenia Hallucinations: false sensory perceptions Delusions: false beliefs Word soup-messed up writing, crazy art abilities 1 in 100 have sch. Affects men and women equally (all previous disorders were considered axis 1) Personality disorders are axis 2 Axis 3-socaocultural problems (divorce, accident) Axis 4-biological factors (cancer) Ego Dystonic=axis 1 Temporary (panic attack) Ego Syntonic (axis 2) Accept illness, “this is ok, this is me” “who I am, what’s your problem” Characteristics of Personality Disorders Inflexible and disorted patterns of behavior, rigidity to stress Problems in relationships Upset others, confused, angry or annoyed, blame others Even a single strong positive relations can offset this DSM-IV-TR 3 clusters (based on symptom similarities) Cluster A: -odd or eccentric behaviors (social dysfunction) -Paranoid Personality Disorder -distrust -schizoid personality disorder -aloof, indifference to interpersonal relationships -Schizotpyal Personality Disorder (appears odd) -eccentricities Cluster B: Dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior -Histrionic Personality Disorder (drama queen) -excessive emotion -Narcissitic Personality Disorder -grandiosity, involved in only themselves, never loved as a child -Borderline Personality disorder -insability -antisocial -disregard for and violation of others (serial killers) 3-8-05 sociopaths= no empathy become detatched genetic factors play a significant role: seen in same family members -arousal -don’t react to shock (disturbing photos) -modern day P. Gage like sociopath -decision making by gut (frontal love and emotion) -linked to EQ Cluster C: Anxiety and Fearfulness -avoidant personality disorder -fears rejection -bypersensitivity to negative evaluations (criticism) -dependent personality disorder -fear of seperation (abandonment) -obsessive compulsive personality disorder -orderliness -perfectionism -control -rigid and cold overall smart vs unique smart 1. Linguistic Intelligent 2. Logical (math) 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Spatial Musical Kinesthetic Interpersonal (EQ pt. 1)-knows other people Intra-personal (EQ pt 2)-knows themselves Nature Sternberg -Analytc -ability to process information -Creative -coping with new tasks -Practical -street smart -adapting to environment Principles of Test Construction -Standardized -so your score can be compared to others -Reliable -yield dependently consistent scores -Valid -measure what is supposed to genogram- family tree underachieving=depressed Wechsler tests 3-10-05 +5-----------0-------------(-5) some go to get to 0 (disorder) some go to feel great (0-+5) Essentials -warm relatinship -subjective reality respected -don’t just hand the fish, teach how to be fisher -don’t get lost in content, focus on process -purpose of behavior Eclectic Psyschoanalysis-key -goal (bring conflict to surface) -free association -dream analysis -resistance -transference -counter transference (therapist doesn’t like the client) -interpretation -working through (insight most important in curing) Behavior Therapies: -no insight, just change behavior -behavior modification (rewards) 1. identify target behvior 2. monitor, to establish baseline 3. identify positive reinforcers 4. establish a schedule of reinforcement 5. enlist social support 6. monitor and record progress -systematic desensitization -aversive conditioning -modeling -flooding Cognitive Behavioral Theories Losing job, believing you suck causes depression -focus on thinking and reasoning processes -beliefs -attitudes -expectations -interpretations -t. corrects cognitive distortions Albert Ellis-Rational Emotive Therapy (Direct) -therapist is the expert goal: to show how misinterpretations cause distress (Rational Emot. Ther.-most direct form of therapy) (most no direct: Humanistic) Humanistic Therapy (non direct) -client is direct -goal: become a fully functioning person -success depends on: -unconditional positive regard -openness and genuine respect -active listening -warmth and empathy 3-22-05 Positive Psychology: the scientific study of optimal human functioning, aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive. Seligman (2002): wants to thrive 1. positics subjective well beng: happiness, health, optimism, advance human fulfillment “nut survive, but thrive” 2. positive character: creativity, courage, integrity, etc 3. positive groups: communities and cultures group therapy: groups that comes together, all have similar problems family therapy: analyze whole family, find their social problems, helps the individuals marriage therapy: couples slowing down and listening to one another, build an understanding Biomedical Therapies: -drug therapies: -antipsychotic (thorazine, clozapine) -antidepressant (modulate serotonin, bipolar, lithium) -antianxiety (tranqulizers) -electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) -psychosurgery (prefrontal lobotomy) emotional IQ-very important Stress: Lymphocytes-fight bad cells in body (bone, thymus) Handling stress badly destroys lymph. Personal appraisal: challenge vs threat Personality type: easygoing/self-confident/optimistic-reactive/low selfefficacy/pessimistic Personal habits: nonsmoking/regular exercise/good nutrition vs smoking/no exercise/poor nutrition Social support: enduring vs lacking A type people: Compulsive, workaholics, perfectionists, has heart attacks, RAGE B type people: Relaxed, in control, understanding Good A: Motivated, work for themselves, NO RAGE Bad B: Apathetic Dog experiment, can’t get away from shock, learns to be helpless Love, won’t love because they’re afraid Progressive Muscle Relaxation: concentrate on specific muscle group, note tension, then relax Autogenic relaxation: directing blood flow toward specific muscles, warm and relax Reducing and coping with stress: Relaxation techniques: -progressive muscle relaxation -autogenic relaxation -meditation -biofeedback -breathing Avoid risky behavior: -safe sex Happiness: -Control -optimism -faith -flow -close relationships -purpose in life -humor -helping others -not age related 3-24-05 Facial Expressions=Universal (Izard) Gestures=Cultural Bio: facial expressions of emotions tend to be universal, suggests emotions may be biological in origin Basic Emotions: Anger, fear, happiness, sadness Facial Feedback Hypothesis (Izard) Gestures: James-Lang Theory: Percieved stimulus-body response-expierenced emotion (bear example) Cannon-Bard Theory: Perceived stimulus: (simultaneously): expierenced emotion/body responses Two-Factor Theory of Emotion: Body Arrousal+cognitive label=expierenced emotion Adaptation level phenomenon: -we adapt to a given level and react to changes from that level Relative Deprivation Theory: -we engage in social downward comparison (A- being lowest grade in class( Motivation: Bio-Psycho-Social: Instinct Theory (bio) Psychoanalytic Theory (psych) (sublimate: rechanneling all our energy into something adaptive that motivates)-Freud Behaviorial Theory (social): Lepper, Green, Ross Controlling rewards: hurts intrinsic motivation (sun tan lotion, gold stars) Informative rewards: helps intrinsic motivation Humanistic Theory: (psych) Belief that people will heal on their own Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs: Psych needs: safety needs: belonging: esteem: self-actualization Cognitive Theory (psych/soc): Do what they do because tells them who they are Terkes-Dodson theory: (bio-psych) Motivates to optimal (scale) Opponent Process Theory: (bio) Extremes balance someone out (lightening guy) Internal Push (bio) vs External Pull (social) Breakfast: stomach growls Smell something, friends going to eat, etc EXAM: Learning: the process by which expierence or practice results in a relatively permament change in behavior Classical Conditioning: Pavlov Elements of Classical Conditioning: Unconditioned stimuli (UCS) food Uncond. Response (UCR) salvation Cond. Stim. (CS) bell Cond. Resp. (CR) salivation Know discrimination (dogs can tell the unique bell from phone) + generalization (reaction happens to anything remotely resembling CS, dogs and phone) Negative Reinforcement: reward from when something negative stops (wall-hitting guy) Abnormal behavior: atypical, undesirable, maladaptive, unjustifiable Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Obsesseive Compulsive Disorder -obsession: a disturbing, involuntary thought or idea that persists despite attepts to stop -compulsion: a repetitive ritualistic behavior the person feels compelled to perform Panic Attack Dysfunctions vs Paraphilias: unconventional sex How are Anorexia and Bulimia similar? How are they different? What’s dissociative disorder? (old multiple personality) What’s depression? (10 commandments of suicide) What’s bipolar disorder? What’s hallucination? (schizo) What’s a delusion? (schizo) What’s body dysmorphic? (attractive person who sees themselves as ugly, MJ) Ego Dystonic=axis 1= “not me” wants to get better Ego Syntonic=axis 1= “it’s all about me” you’re the one with the problem Cluster B: -borderline (love one second, hate the next) -narcissistic (loves themselves) -histrionic (drama queen) -antisocial (psychopath, sociopath) More women suffer____, more men suffer ______ Describe the 3 principles of test construction: stadanrdized, relizable, ___ What are the baseline tests in the WAISR? If Joe has an IQ of 75, what does that mean? What’s a genogram? Is intelligence inherited? (pick the best example) Howard Gardner’s theory: how is a person smart: Linguistic, logical, spatial, musical, kinesthetic, interpersonal, intra-personal, nature 1st-talking, 2nd moving on to meds Psychoanalysis (insight) Behavioral Therapy (no insight, just change behavior) -behavior modification (rewards) -aversive conditioning Cognitive Therapy (RET-rational emotive therapy, most direct, therapist snaps you out of it, change the way someone interprets life, change the way they feel) Humanistic Therapy (non-direct, therapist guides you to the answers you already know) General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) Immune System-lymphosites Appraisal (interpretation) Coping with Stress (personal habits) James-lang theory 2 factor theory of emotion adaptation level phoenmonenon relative depravation theory behaviorist theory humanistic theory yerkes-dodson theory