Download Psy 120(2). - Highly Derivative

Psy 120-H (part 2)
2-17-05
Pavlov:
Dog sees food, salivates, plays tone, given food, salivates, eventually salivates from tone
Conditioned stimulus (tone)
Unconditioned Stimulus (food)
Conditioned response (salivate from tone)
Unconditioned response (salivate from food)
Pavlovian/Classical conditioning
Operant condtioning- do something, consequences (good or bad)
Feared response- baby albert and the rat with the loud sounds
Acquisition (cs+ucs)
Extinction (cs alone)
(pause)
Spontaneous recovery of CR
Extinction (cs alone)
Forms in waves
2-22-05
Psychological Disorders-“a harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be
atypical, disturbing, maladaptive, and unjustified
-suffering
-deviant behavior
-norm violation
-social discomfort
-irrational & unpredictable
-5 to +5 on a scale to rate people
Adler:
-they shun cooperation and contribution
-avoids solving real life problems
extreme discouragement and dissillionment----------------------optimum positive attitudes
DSM-IV-TR
Book with diseases in it, constantly updated
Asylums/chains-1600s
Harsh tactics to control-1700s
Rare: effective treatment-1800s
Psychology’s influence-1900s
Today-2005
Anxiety Disorders
-difference between “normal anxiety” and anxiety that leads to a disorder
normal:
-everyone expierences anxiety from time to time
-important to have low to moderate levels of anxiety for optimal performance
-a little anxiety motivates you to “go the extra mile”
-anxiety is the shadow of intelligence
-morality
-spirituality
Abnormal
-intense anxiety where there is no danger
-overwhelmed with anxiety is not adaptive, interferes with ability to concentrate
GAD-Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Chronic excessive worry about a number of event or activities, with no specific threat
present
3 of following:
restlessness
fatigue
difficulty concentrating
irritability
muscle tension
sleep disturbance
Obsession: a disturbing, involuntary thought or idea that persists despite attempts to stop
it
Compulsion: a repetitive ritualistic behavior the person feels compelled to perform
-washers
-checkers (cleanliness)
-perfectionist
Panic Dissorders
-features are recurrent, unpredictable panic attacks
-episode in which intense anxiety and physiological symptoms are suddenly expierenced
Post Traumatic Stress Dissorder
Post-traumatic Stress Disoder occurs following an extremely traumatic event, in which a
person re-expierences the event, avoids remainders of the trauma, and exhibits persistent
increased arousal
Phobia
Persistent and disproportionate fear of some specific object or situation that presents little
or no actual danger
Event-thoughts-bodily sensations-avoidance (start over)
2-24-05
Eating Disorders:
-Anorexia nervosa
-Bulimia nervosa
-Eating Disorder NOS
Similarities:
Preoccupation with dieting, food, weight, and body size
Discomfort when eating with others
Severe changes in habits, mood, and personality
Hyperactivity, difficulty with concentration and sleep
GI complaints, fatigue, headaches, edema, and paresthia
Approval seeking
Problems with interpersonal relationships
Differences:
Anorexia: denial of abnormal eating behavior
Bulimia: recognizes abnormal eating pattern
An: introverted
Bul: extroverted
An: turns away from food in order to cope
Bul: turns to food to cope
An: distorted body image
Bul: dissatisfaction with body weight and shape
An: preoccupation with losing more and more weight
Bul: preoccupation with attaining an ideal if not unrealistic weight
Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders
Dysfunctions vs. Paraphilias: unconventional sex
Normal Sex:
Phase 1: Desire Phase (fantasies about sexual desire, sense of desire for sex)
Phase 2; excitement phase (subjective pleasure and physiological changes)
Phase 3: Orgasm (release, sex pleasure)
Phase 4: relaxation, sense of well being
Performance Anxiety: feeling anxious around the process of sexual intercourse
i.e. too much drinking resulting in performance difficulties, resulting in worry about
performance next time, creating self fulfilling prophecy
Spectatoring: watching oneself, not participating
Solution: Sensate Focus
Not to have sex, know one another
Gradually extinguish the anxiety
Paraphilias: unconventional sex
Limited research due to taboos
Boundries between normal and abnormal become fuzzy
Frotteurism: touching and rubbing against a nonconsenting person
Fetishism: use of nonliving objects
Pedophilia: sexual activity with a pepubescent child or children. Fondling, indifferent to
sex. Unskilled interpersonaly and feels in control when dominating a child. Believes
partners will benefit, idealizes child
Exhibitionism: exposing one’s self to strangers
Masochism: humiliated, beaten, bound, suffer, desires pain, deprives brain of oxygen
Sadism: psychological or physical suffering, humiliation, victim is sexually exciting to
the person, antisocial (most hetero men)
Voyeurism: observing an unsuspecting person in process of disrobing’
Transvestic Fetishism: cross dressing
NOS: corpses, phone calls, animals, feces, enemas, urine
Gender Identity Disorder: cross-gender identification, person wants to be in body of
opposite sex
3-1-05
Abnormal Psychology
-anxiesty disorders (f)
-eating disorders (f)
-psychosexual disorders
-factitous
-somatoform
-dissociative (f)
-mood (f)
-schzophrenic
-personality
others: males
Factitious Disorders: physical symptoms are deliberately fakes
-feigning of symptoms to maintain the personal benefits that a sick role may
provide (including attention and concern of family, friends, and medical personel)
F. Disorders
Psych and Physical combo
F. disorder by proxy (Munchausen’s Syndrome)
Somatoform Disorders:
-conversion disorder
-symptoms of physical ailments or loss of control appear without any underlying
organic pathology: 1. Extreme 2. No physical 3. La bell indifference
-pain disorder
-report of pain of sufficient duration and severity, causes life disruption
-hypochondriasis
-hypocondriac, misinterprets symptom not serious disease
-Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)
-obsession with appearance flaws
Dissociative Disorders:
-amnesia
-fugue
-dissociaive identity disorder (MPD)
Mood Dissorders:
-depressive disorders
-major depression, dysthymic
-bipolar disorders
-bipolar 1 (highs predominant)
-bipolar 2 (depression predominant)
-cyclothymic
Symptoms for depression:
-depressed for most of day
-lost interest in activites which used to be pleasureable
-weight change
-sleep change
-activity level change
-negative self concept
-concentration
-suicidal
cycle of depression: thinking->mood->brain chemistry->thinking
10 Commandments of Suicide
1. unendurable psychological pain: reduce level of suffering, suicidal people will choose
life
2. Frustrated psychological needs: needs for security, achievement, trust, and friendship
are among the important one not being met, address needs
3. search for solution
4. attempt to end consciousness
5. helplessness and hopelessness
6. constriction of options
7. ambilvalence: call 911
8. communication of intent
9 departure
10. lifelong coping patterns: black and white patters, 10% want to live
3-3-05
Schizophrenia
Hallucinations: false sensory perceptions
Delusions: false beliefs
Word soup-messed up writing, crazy art abilities
1 in 100 have sch.
Affects men and women equally
(all previous disorders were considered axis 1)
Personality disorders are axis 2
Axis 3-socaocultural problems (divorce, accident)
Axis 4-biological factors (cancer)
Ego Dystonic=axis 1
Temporary (panic attack)
Ego Syntonic (axis 2)
Accept illness, “this is ok, this is me” “who I am, what’s your problem”
Characteristics of Personality Disorders
Inflexible and disorted patterns of behavior, rigidity to stress
Problems in relationships
Upset others, confused, angry or annoyed, blame others
Even a single strong positive relations can offset this
DSM-IV-TR 3 clusters (based on symptom similarities)
Cluster A:
-odd or eccentric behaviors (social dysfunction)
-Paranoid Personality Disorder
-distrust
-schizoid personality disorder
-aloof, indifference to interpersonal relationships
-Schizotpyal Personality Disorder (appears odd)
-eccentricities
Cluster B: Dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior
-Histrionic Personality Disorder (drama queen)
-excessive emotion
-Narcissitic Personality Disorder
-grandiosity, involved in only themselves, never loved as a child
-Borderline Personality disorder
-insability
-antisocial
-disregard for and violation of others (serial killers)
3-8-05
sociopaths= no empathy
become detatched
genetic factors play a significant role: seen in same family members
-arousal
-don’t react to shock (disturbing photos)
-modern day P. Gage like sociopath
-decision making by gut (frontal love and emotion)
-linked to EQ
Cluster C: Anxiety and Fearfulness
-avoidant personality disorder
-fears rejection
-bypersensitivity to negative evaluations (criticism)
-dependent personality disorder
-fear of seperation (abandonment)
-obsessive compulsive personality disorder
-orderliness
-perfectionism
-control
-rigid and cold
overall smart vs unique smart
1. Linguistic Intelligent
2. Logical (math)
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Spatial
Musical
Kinesthetic
Interpersonal (EQ pt. 1)-knows other people
Intra-personal (EQ pt 2)-knows themselves
Nature
Sternberg
-Analytc
-ability to process information
-Creative
-coping with new tasks
-Practical
-street smart
-adapting to environment
Principles of Test Construction
-Standardized
-so your score can be compared to others
-Reliable
-yield dependently consistent scores
-Valid
-measure what is supposed to
genogram- family tree
underachieving=depressed
Wechsler tests
3-10-05
+5-----------0-------------(-5)
some go to get to 0 (disorder) some go to feel great (0-+5)
Essentials
-warm relatinship
-subjective reality respected
-don’t just hand the fish, teach how to be fisher
-don’t get lost in content, focus on process
-purpose of behavior
Eclectic
Psyschoanalysis-key
-goal (bring conflict to surface)
-free association
-dream analysis
-resistance
-transference
-counter transference (therapist doesn’t like the client)
-interpretation
-working through
(insight most important in curing)
Behavior Therapies:
-no insight, just change behavior
-behavior modification (rewards)
1. identify target behvior
2. monitor, to establish baseline
3. identify positive reinforcers
4. establish a schedule of reinforcement
5. enlist social support
6. monitor and record progress
-systematic desensitization
-aversive conditioning
-modeling
-flooding
Cognitive Behavioral Theories
Losing job, believing you suck causes depression
-focus on thinking and reasoning processes
-beliefs
-attitudes
-expectations
-interpretations
-t. corrects cognitive distortions
Albert Ellis-Rational Emotive Therapy (Direct)
-therapist is the expert
goal: to show how misinterpretations cause distress
(Rational Emot. Ther.-most direct form of therapy)
(most no direct: Humanistic)
Humanistic Therapy (non direct)
-client is direct
-goal: become a fully functioning person
-success depends on:
-unconditional positive regard
-openness and genuine respect
-active listening
-warmth and empathy
3-22-05
Positive Psychology: the scientific study of optimal human functioning, aims to discover
and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive.
Seligman (2002): wants to thrive
1. positics subjective well beng: happiness, health, optimism, advance human
fulfillment “nut survive, but thrive”
2. positive character: creativity, courage, integrity, etc
3. positive groups: communities and cultures
group therapy: groups that comes together, all have similar problems
family therapy: analyze whole family, find their social problems, helps the individuals
marriage therapy: couples slowing down and listening to one another, build an
understanding
Biomedical Therapies:
-drug therapies:
-antipsychotic (thorazine, clozapine)
-antidepressant (modulate serotonin, bipolar, lithium)
-antianxiety (tranqulizers)
-electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
-psychosurgery (prefrontal lobotomy)
emotional IQ-very important
Stress:
Lymphocytes-fight bad cells in body (bone, thymus)
Handling stress badly destroys lymph.
Personal appraisal: challenge vs threat
Personality type: easygoing/self-confident/optimistic-reactive/low selfefficacy/pessimistic
Personal habits: nonsmoking/regular exercise/good nutrition vs smoking/no exercise/poor
nutrition
Social support: enduring vs lacking
A type people:
Compulsive, workaholics, perfectionists, has heart attacks, RAGE
B type people:
Relaxed, in control, understanding
Good A:
Motivated, work for themselves, NO RAGE
Bad B:
Apathetic
Dog experiment, can’t get away from shock, learns to be helpless
Love, won’t love because they’re afraid
Progressive Muscle Relaxation: concentrate on specific muscle group, note tension, then
relax
Autogenic relaxation: directing blood flow toward specific muscles, warm and relax
Reducing and coping with stress:
Relaxation techniques:
-progressive muscle relaxation
-autogenic relaxation
-meditation
-biofeedback
-breathing
Avoid risky behavior:
-safe sex
Happiness:
-Control
-optimism
-faith
-flow
-close relationships
-purpose in life
-humor
-helping others
-not age related
3-24-05
Facial Expressions=Universal (Izard)
Gestures=Cultural
Bio: facial expressions of emotions tend to be universal, suggests emotions may be
biological in origin
Basic Emotions:
Anger, fear, happiness, sadness
Facial Feedback Hypothesis (Izard)
Gestures:
James-Lang Theory:
Percieved stimulus-body response-expierenced emotion (bear example)
Cannon-Bard Theory:
Perceived stimulus: (simultaneously): expierenced emotion/body responses
Two-Factor Theory of Emotion:
Body Arrousal+cognitive label=expierenced emotion
Adaptation level phenomenon:
-we adapt to a given level and react to changes from that level
Relative Deprivation Theory:
-we engage in social downward comparison (A- being lowest grade in class(
Motivation:
Bio-Psycho-Social:
Instinct Theory (bio)
Psychoanalytic Theory (psych) (sublimate: rechanneling all our energy into something
adaptive that motivates)-Freud
Behaviorial Theory (social): Lepper, Green, Ross
Controlling rewards: hurts intrinsic motivation (sun tan lotion, gold stars)
Informative rewards: helps intrinsic motivation
Humanistic Theory: (psych)
Belief that people will heal on their own
Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs:
Psych needs: safety needs: belonging: esteem: self-actualization
Cognitive Theory (psych/soc):
Do what they do because tells them who they are
Terkes-Dodson theory: (bio-psych)
Motivates to optimal (scale)
Opponent Process Theory: (bio)
Extremes balance someone out (lightening guy)
Internal Push (bio) vs External Pull (social)
Breakfast: stomach growls Smell something, friends going to eat, etc
EXAM:
Learning: the process by which expierence or practice results in a relatively permament
change in behavior
Classical Conditioning: Pavlov
Elements of Classical Conditioning:
Unconditioned stimuli (UCS) food
Uncond. Response (UCR) salvation
Cond. Stim. (CS) bell
Cond. Resp. (CR) salivation
Know discrimination (dogs can tell the unique bell from phone) + generalization
(reaction happens to anything remotely resembling CS, dogs and phone)
Negative Reinforcement: reward from when something negative stops (wall-hitting guy)
Abnormal behavior: atypical, undesirable, maladaptive, unjustifiable
Generalized Anxiety Disorder:
Obsesseive Compulsive Disorder
-obsession: a disturbing, involuntary thought or idea that persists despite attepts to
stop
-compulsion: a repetitive ritualistic behavior the person feels compelled to perform
Panic Attack
Dysfunctions vs Paraphilias: unconventional sex
How are Anorexia and Bulimia similar?
How are they different?
What’s dissociative disorder? (old multiple personality)
What’s depression? (10 commandments of suicide)
What’s bipolar disorder?
What’s hallucination? (schizo)
What’s a delusion? (schizo)
What’s body dysmorphic? (attractive person who sees themselves as ugly, MJ)
Ego Dystonic=axis 1= “not me” wants to get better
Ego Syntonic=axis 1= “it’s all about me” you’re the one with the problem
Cluster B:
-borderline (love one second, hate the next)
-narcissistic (loves themselves)
-histrionic (drama queen)
-antisocial (psychopath, sociopath)
More women suffer____, more men suffer ______
Describe the 3 principles of test construction: stadanrdized, relizable, ___
What are the baseline tests in the WAISR?
If Joe has an IQ of 75, what does that mean?
What’s a genogram?
Is intelligence inherited? (pick the best example)
Howard Gardner’s theory: how is a person smart:
Linguistic, logical, spatial, musical, kinesthetic, interpersonal, intra-personal, nature
1st-talking, 2nd moving on to meds
Psychoanalysis (insight)
Behavioral Therapy (no insight, just change behavior)
-behavior modification (rewards)
-aversive conditioning
Cognitive Therapy (RET-rational emotive therapy, most direct, therapist snaps you out of
it, change the way someone interprets life, change the way they feel)
Humanistic Therapy (non-direct, therapist guides you to the answers you already know)
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
Immune System-lymphosites
Appraisal (interpretation)
Coping with Stress (personal habits)
James-lang theory
2 factor theory of emotion
adaptation level phoenmonenon
relative depravation theory
behaviorist theory
humanistic theory
yerkes-dodson theory