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Transcript
BIOCHEMISTRY… The Chemistry of Life FREE WRITE FRIDAY IN YOUR NOTEBOOK Has there ever been a time in your life where all of the odds were against you? If so what was going on that made you feel that way? How did it make you feel? What were some of the obstacles you had to face? Did it affect others around you? Positively or negatively? Are you a better person now because of that struggle? Bio-Chemistry What do you think of when you see the word Biochemistry? List the first 5 things that you think of in your notebook. Bio Chemistry Bio= life Chemistry = how things interact Biochemistry= the branch of science in which you study the chemical and physical processes that occur in an organism. I can… Identify the parts of an atom AND understand how atoms interact Matter… All matter, whether living or nonliving, is made of the same type building blocks called atoms An atom is the smallest basic unit of matter All atoms have the same basic structure, composed of three smaller particles Proton – a positively charged particle in an atom’s nucleus Neutron – a neutral (no charge) particle which has about the same mass as a proton and is also in the nucleus Electron – a negatively charged particle found outside the nucleus. Electrons are much, much smaller than proton and neutrons Elements… Different types of atoms are called elements, which cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means Which element an atom is depends on the number of protons in the atom’s nucleus For example… all hydrogen atoms have 1proton and all oxygen atoms have 8 protons Only about 25 different elements are found in organisms However, atoms of different elements can “link” or bond together to form compounds Isotope Elements can have a different number of neutrons. This is called an isotope Carbon 14, Carbon 13, and Carbon 12 Compounds… Atoms form compounds in two ways Ionic bonds – consists of ions and forms through the electrical force between oppositely charged ions 1. An ion is an atom that has lost or gained electrons Cation – an ion that loses electrons so becomes positively charged Anion – an ion that gains electrons so becomes negatively charged Covalent bonds – forms when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons 2. A molecule consists of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds Why elements bond the way they do… All atoms want 8 electrons in their outer most energy level (shell) This is called the octet rule. That is why they do what they do Ionic bonds – gain or lose electrons Covalent share electrons How do we identify each type Ionic compound – metal + non-metal Covalent compound – non-metal + non-metal Try These… Identify the type of bond… 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. MgF2 S3O2 RbCl PCl4 N2O Bell Ringer… How is an atom different from a compound? What does the number of protons tell us about an element? Identify the following as ionic or covalent compounds 1. 2. 3. a. b. c. d. 4. Cl2F4 CuF2 AlBr3 CO2 Compare and contrast ionic and covalent bonds Water’s Unique Properties… The STRUCUTRE of the water molecule gives water its unique properties Water is a polar molecule, which means that it has a region with a slight negative charge (the oxygen atom) and a region with a slight positive charge (the hydrogen atoms) The oppositely charged regions of water molecules interact to form hydrogen bonds Hydrogen bond is an attraction between a hydrogen atom and a negative atom Bell Ringer… Which Property of water is responsible for the following: 1. 2. 3. 4. Homeostasis Water beading up An iceberg floating in the ocean Water moving against gravity in a flower stem Bell Ringer… What makes water so unique? Why is water considered a polar molecule? What is a hydrogen bond? Carbon based molecules Carbon based molecules are the foundation for life Many of these molecules are large and called polymers. Poly- many A repeating unit of the same small molecule (monomer) There are four main types of carbon-based molecules in living things 1. 2. 3. 4. Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids Bell Ringer… What is the main element in an “organic” molecule? How are monomers related to polymers? What are the four main “organic” molecules living organisms need? After Presentation Review… 1. 2. 3. 4. Another name that lipids may be called? Why are nucleic acids so important to living organisms? List three foods you may find carbohydrates There is a special class of proteins called enzymes – what is their purpose and why are they important? Bell Ringer… 1. 2. 3. An athlete is preparing for a triathlon – what type of food should he eat before hand and why? Many animals hibernate in the winter, to do so, they eat more food than need in the fall. The extra calories are stored as fat. Why do these animals do this? Of the four carbon based molecules we talked about – which two rely on each other more so than any other? Carbohydrates… Known as sugars and starches Also include cellulose and glycogen Made up of monosaccharides (monomer) which can be put together to form disaccharides and polysaccharides Disaccharides – sucrose (table sugar) Polysaccharides – starch, cellulose (cell wall component), and glycogen (storage of carbs in the liver and muscle) Glycogen is important for insulin in humans Why carbs are important to living organisms… Short-term storage energy storage Plant cell wall components – strength Component of cell membranes – glycogen It helps identify the type of cell Proteins… Known as meat to us Made up of amino acids (monomer) which can be put together to form polypeptides (50-300 a.a.) 20 different amino acids are found in human proteins Why proteins are important to living organism… Form body tissue Skin, hair, muscles Important for immune response Antibodies – fight off foreign invaders All enzymes in the body Biological catalysts – they speed chemical reactions inside the body Lipids… Known as fats, oils and waxes Made up of glycerol and fatty acids Saturated fatty acids Single bonds join carbon (carbon – carbon) together Are oils at room temperatures Unsaturated Has fatty acids at least one carbon = carbon (joined by double bonds) 3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol = triglyceride Why lipids are important to living organisms… Long term storage of energy Fat is the storage mechanism Formation of cell membranes Nerves and brain tissue Phospholipids and cholesterol Phospholipids have hydrophobic heads and hydrophilic tails Hormones Made of steroids Nucleic Acids… Known as DNA and RNA Made up of nucleotides A nucleotide consists of Phosphate group Pentose sugar (5-carbon sugar) Nitrogen base (A, T, C, G, or U) Why nucleic acids are important to living things… DNA Blueprint for life Our genes RNA Translates DNA to make PROTEINS Chemical Reactions in the body… Chemical reactions require the addition of energy, called activation energy , to take place Even if a chemical reactions starts, it may not happen very quickly However, both the activation energy and the rate of a chemical reaction can be changed by a catalyst A catalyst is a substance that decreases the activation energy for a reaction and increases the rate of reaction Enzymes are biological catalysts Enzymes… Almost all enzymes are proteins and almost every process in living things needs enzymes The function of each enzyme depends on its structure A change in biological conditions can affect the shape of an enzyme, which can decrease or prevent an enzyme from working properly For example, enzymes function best in a small range around an organism’s normal temperature and pH Shapes of enzymes… The shape of an enzyme is important because it allows only certain molecules to bind to the enzyme The specific molecules that an enzyme acts on are called substrates It works like a puzzle or lock and key – only certain pieces fit together for it to work If an enzymes structure changes, the substrate cannot bind to the enzyme Bell Ringer… What does the activation energy tell us for a particular reaction? How does a catalyst affect a chemical reaction? Why would enzymes be called a “lock and key” or “puzzle piece”? How it actually works… Substrates bind to the enzyme The enzyme brings molecules close together so that they can react with one another The bonds inside the substrate are stretched slightly out of position, which weakens the bonds The reaction takes place and the product is released from the enzyme Less energy is needed to break weaker bonds The enzyme can then bind to more of the substrate molecules One more thing about chemical reactions and enzymes… There are two types of energy changes that can occur with chemical reactions enzymes do not change this for an reaction Exothermic reactions Releases energy (usually in the form of heat or light) Energy in the reactant bonds are higher than in the product bonds Endothermic reactions Absorbs energy Energy in the reactant bonds are lower than in the product bonds Important Properties of Water… Hydrogen bonds are responsible for several important properties of water High specific heat – water resists changes in temperature – it must absorb a large amount of heat energy to increase the temperature Cohesion – the attraction among molecules of a substance – makes water “stick” together 1. 2. Surface tension Adhesion – the attraction among molecules of DIFFERENT substances – makes water “stick” to other materials 3. Capillary action Important Properties of Water… Hydrogen bonds are responsible for several important properties of water Expands when freezes – when water freezes its volume becomes larger than in the liquid or gas state (just the opposite of most other compounds) 4. Weathering and aquatic organisms Lab Requirements… All Labs must have the following UNLESS changed by me… Title and Date Purpose Pre-Lab Questions (if any) Procedure (max of 3 sentences) Data Post Lab Questions (must be in complete sentences) Conclusions A little more on water… Many compounds that are important for life dissolve in water. Water is the largest component of cells’ interiors, and chemical reactions in the cell take place in water When one substance dissolves in another – a solution is made Each solution is made up of two parts Solute – what gets dissolved (usually in smallest amount) Solvent – what does the dissolving (usually in the largest amt) Acids and bases… When some substances dissolve in water they break up into ions Acids and bases are such substances – they are very important to living organism Acids – release H+ ions when dissolved in water Bases – accept H+ ion when dissolved in water Organisms must maintain a staple pH and even a small change in pH can disrupt many biological processes (remember homeostasis?) pH scale… The pH scale runs from 0 to 14 O – 6 are considered acids (low pHs) 7 is neutral 8 – 14 are considered bases (high pHs)
