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Technical Science Introduction to Chemistry Chemical Equations Chemical Equations In this tutorial you will… – Analyze a Chemical Equation – Prove a Chemical Equation is Balanced – Explain Reasons for Balancing Equations – Explore Common Chemical Reactions Analyze a Chemical Equation 1 of 5 Home One of the main functions of chemistry is to determine what will happen when substances react. A chemical equation is the method used to express what happens during a chemical reaction. The chemical equation below outlines a familiar chemical reaction. What is this telling you? 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl A chemical equation is really just a recipe. It tells you the amounts of specific ingredients that are required to make a certain amount of a product. 2 of 5 Analyze a Chemical Equation Let’s take a closer look at that chemical equation. 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl Reactants Products First,The you The“ingredients” should “results” notice on the on that the right the left equation side side is broken of the into equation two parts arewith called anthe arrow. The arrow represents Reactants Products the chemical reaction. 3 of 5 Analyze a Chemical Equation Identify the reactants and the products in the following reactions. N2 + 3H2 2NH3 Reactants Products BaCO3 BaO + CO2 MnO2 + 4HCl MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O 4 of 5 Analyze a Chemical Equation Let’s take another look at that chemical equation. 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl Coefficients Subscripts The Coefficients The Subscripts coefficients The subscripts small tell tell numbers in the in the this this number number equation equation following of ofatoms atoms tell tell us… or You The probably large numbers noticed in the front numbers of theus… molecules Two that the are sodium that Na chemical bonded is are in atoms required elemental together symbols will for react form. to are the make with reaction. associated formulas with are chemical called Coefficients. formulas for the 2 Cl atoms Coefficients One are a single bonded chlorine called molecule to molecule Subscripts. form the ofamounts anot aproducts. molecule substance. towritten produce of the of chlorine gas. (Coefficients reactants ofare one and are the out.) 1 Na is bonded (Subscripts They Two tomolecules determine reactants 1 Cl of to one make of and the are sodium asubstance products. not molecule written chloride. itself. ofout.) sodium chloride. Analyze a Chemical Equation 5 of 5 Home What do the chemical equations below tell you? N2 + 3H2 2NH3 (NH3 is Ammonia) 1 molecule of nitrogen gas reacts with 3 molecules of hydrogen gas to form 2 molecules of ammonia. Nitrogen and hydrogen molecules are each formed from 2 atoms bonded together. Ammonia is formed from 1 N atom bonded to 3 H atoms. 2MgO + Si 2Mg + SiO2 2 molecules of Magnesium Oxide (each with 1Mg bonded to 1 O) react with 1 atom of silicon to form 2 atoms of magnesium and 1 molecule of silicon dioxide (having 1 Si bonded to 2 O) Prove a Chemical Equation is Balanced 1 of 6 Home Remember:tocoefficients An equation must be balanced be useful. of 1 are not written out. The equation below is not balanced. Can you see what is missing? 2 Na + 1Cl2 2 NaCl There are no coefficients in the equation above. Coefficients determine the amounts of reactant and product. The amounts of reactant and product are correct when the coefficients make the equation balance. 2 of 6 Prove a Chemical Equation is Balanced Prove the equation is balanced. 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl Atom Reactant Product Na Cl 2 2 2 2 This The reaction This Coefficient gives is abalanced total 2all and of two because the lack sodium subscripts, atoms arehas same The Remember, We First: The subscript need Second: Third: lack Identify to of akeep balanced aof Count Count subscript the 2of track and the the the chemical of ofnumber and number types lack different the ofand equation of coefficient athere ofcoefficient atoms numbers atoms elements ofthe of on and number ustwo there chlorine and are types 2number molecules atoms atoms on of the sodium on product chloride. side. side. 2tells on chlorine, same atoms sodium, that of type on each tells are and tells each type us involved usthat side that onof of there the there in the of reactant product this atoms is equation. are one reaction. 2each on molecule side. side. Na both atoms So… the ofon Each molecule has Na and Cl. There You will Let’s are chlorine consider 2reactant get types organized the that of both reactant and atoms: contains coefficients product by1 creating side. Sodium 2 Cl sides. atoms. &1a&subscripts table Chlorine 3 of 6 Prove a Chemical Equation is Balanced Prove the equation is balanced. MnO2 + 4HCl MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O Atom Mn O H Cl Reactant 1 2 4 4 Product 1 2 4 42 This reaction is balanced because there are same Chlorine MnCl There are tells abalanced us total up there inof two 4ischemical chlorine one products molecule atoms MnCl that on & the has Cl 2H O tells us that there are two molecules each Remember, 4HCl We First: need Second: Third: tells Identify tells akeep that Count Count us the track that there all the the of there of are number number the types four isdifferent one and equation of ofmolecule atoms numbers atoms elements of the 2 shows 2has 2. 2MnO 2tous number and types of atoms on each side. Cl 1that manganese product us there side isbonded 1bonded molecule the to equation; 2to of chlorines. chlorine gas oxygen to two hydrogens. having same atoms of type one on of each are this and hydrogen each type involved compound number side on of bonded the in the ofreactant product this and atoms equation. reaction. itone has on side. chlorine. both So… the 2 tells So, 2 from with there Cl is MnCl 1Mn atoms atom and bonded 2to from 2together. Cl the Cl& Sothere there are four hydrogen and two Oxygen You So There one will Let’s manganese are consider are get reactant 42the four organized types both hydrogen and of bonded coefficients product by and creating and Mn, two sides. four & oxygens. O, aatoms. subscripts chlorine. H, table 2atoms: 2. Cl 4 of 6 Prove a Chemical Equation is Balanced Prove the following reaction is balanced. 2NO + 2CO N2 + 2CO2 Atom N Reactant 2 Product 2 O 4 2 4 2 C 5 of 6 Prove a Chemical Equation is Balanced Prove the following reaction is balanced. P4O10 + 4HNO3 4HPO3 + 2N2O5 Atom P Reactant 4 Product 4 O 22 4 4 22 4 4 H N 6 of 6 Prove a Chemical Equation is Balanced Home Prove the following reaction is balanced. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O Atom C Reactant 6 Product 6 H 12 18 12 18 O Explain Reasons for Balancing Equations 1 of 5 Home You know that a reaction is balanced when the coefficients make the number and type of atoms on each side of the equation equal. 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl You can also prove whether a reaction is balanced. But why is it so important to balance an equation? Why wouldn’t you want to write the equation like this… Na + Cl2 NaCl There are at least three reasons why it is important to balance a chemical reaction. 2 of 5 Explain Reasons for Balancing Equations Look at the unbalanced equation below. 2 Na Na Na + Cl2 2 NaCl Cl Cl Na Cl Na Cl This TheWhen unbalanced means The Notice Where the Law if Now we proper there did ofequation start Conservation that we are coefficients are with other two following above two chlorine chlorine atoms of suggests are Matter. atoms in go? ofplace chlorine that an It has we on This The to atom must the go and law Law reactant somewhere. of end the states chlorine ofwith equation Conservation that side two just It matter but atoms iscan’t disappeared. balanced, only of can of just 1Matter. chlorine. chlorine not disappear. be Thiscreated leads all us the orto This destroyed atoms on a very is theagainst can product important only be accounted the changed side. law. law inin for. chemistry. form. 3 of 5 Explain Reasons for Balancing Equations Look at the partially balanced equation below. 2Fe + 3H2O Fe Fe Fe2O3 + 3 H2 O O-Fe-O-Fe-O H-H H H H-H O O H-H H H H H However, As Notice Hydrogen itWhat turns the If inhydrogens athis coefficient out, chemical gas partially the is odorless hydrogen from equation in balanced front water and atoms of is colorless on the not equation the bonded H2 reactant side that are would together properly the not iron accounted make to and balanced, but form this the explosive. equation for another oxygen you on the may are product: balance? product balanced. miss side. That’sWhere not a product did aHydrogen potential those you hydrogen would Gas product. (Hwant ) to go? overlook. 2atoms Explain Reasons for Balancing Equations 4 of 5 What does the unbalanced reaction below tell you? 2 Na + Cl2 Na Na Cl-Cl 2 NaCl Na-Cl Na-Cl Balancing The This Remember, An We amounts reaction, unbalanced know the of equation chemical the aseach written, ingredients equation substance tell equations tells usishow and you like are are products much that adetermined recipe recipes. sodium of each reactant atoms They but we tell (Na) by that is don’t the the required react tells amounts coefficients know you with and how allchlorine ofthe how much the that ingredients much ingredients are gas of each assigned molecules of each is but required needed. product (Cl2) to doesn’t and form thewhen tell molecules amounts you the will how equation of be ofproduct much produced. sodium isofbalanced. you chloride eachcan oneexpect. (NaCl) to use Explain Reasons for Balancing Equations 5 of 5 Home Why is it important to work with a balanced chemical equation? If an equation isn’t balanced, it implies that atoms suddenly appear or disappear. This goes against the Law of Conservation of Matter If an equation isn’t balanced, you may miss a product that is not easily observed. An equation is a chemical recipe. If it isn’t balanced, it is like a recipe that doesn’t include any amounts. It would be useless to try to make something from such a recipe. Explore Common Chemical Reactions 1 of 16 Home A chemical reaction is a recipe that lists amounts and type of both reactants and products. In this section you will analyze common chemical reactions. The goal is to give you the background information necessary to determine the type of product when given the reactants. There are seven of these reactions. You have already had experience with some of them. The following slides will present each of these common chemical reactions. Explore Common Chemical Reactions Salt Formation Metal + Nonmetal Salt 2 Na + Cl2 2 NaCl 4 Fe + 3 O2 2 Fe2O3 There Metals Metals Most ismetal combine In combining a special theobjects specific with case with must nonmetals example ofoxygen this be protected type above, is toof also form reaction. called from salts. Iron corrosion A Metals reacts oxygen specific or with react so oxidation. example this Oxygen with reaction Oxygen isto This shown form doesn’t reaction (aabove Iron nonmetal) occur. III can with Oxide. be a This costly sodium Which is one to onemetal form reason because is commonly areacting Metal for degrades painting Oxide with known metal chlorine (a metal as salt) rust. objects. objects. gas. 2 of 16 Explore Common Chemical Reactions 3 of 16 What product would be formed from the reactants listed below. 2 Mg + O2 2 MgO Metal + Nonmetal Salt (Oxygen) (Metal Oxide) TheThe product InMg chemical this(magnesium) case, is Magnesium equation the saltisthat aisOxide metal. balanced forms (MgO) Mg withtakes Othe (oxygen) coefficients onbea a+2metal ischarge a nonmetal. shown oxide &O above. is –2. 2 will Metals So one because combine Magnesium the with nonmetal nonmetals balances is one oxygen. to form Oxygen. salts. Explore Common Chemical Reactions Base Formation Metal Oxide + Water Base Na2O + H2O NaOH Remember The You Bases base now that represent aknow base is formed that is type ana important metal isofSodium compound oxideclass Hydroxide. is athat of salt.has –1). compounds. aNa Itmetal ishas composed abonded +1When charge of to athe you metal &Hydroxide hear OH bonded the hasterm aIon to –1oxygen. caustic (OH charge or +1one soalkaline, the formula Here, You it isthe also probably is NaOH. metal knowisin water (one sodium reference Na is H(Na with to )a base. OH) 2O. 4 of 16 5 of 16 Explore Common Chemical Reactions What product would be formed from the reactants listed below. CaO + H2O Metal Oxide + Water Ca(OH)2 Base TheCaO product The(calcium chemical is Calcium oxide) equation Hydroxide is a Metal is balanced Oxide. (Ca(OH)2) Ca takesasonitHais2O +2 shown ischarge Water. above. & OH is –1. Metal So one Oxides Calcium combine balances withtwo water Hydroxide to form ions. bases. 6 of 16 Explore Common Chemical Reactions Acid Formation Nonmetal + Water Acid Compound SO3 + H 2O H2SO4 Remember The Nonmetal Acids acid an are that acid compounds another isisformed type important ofare iscompound Sulfuric two class or more Acid. that of has compounds. Hahas Hydrogen anonmetals +1 charge You ion(s) have covalently & bonded heard SO4 has to of bonded. avarious a nonmetal. –2 charge. acids; +iswith The Here, formula stomach theYou nonmetal isalso acid, H2SO know acid is4.the (two rain, water sulfur Hbattery trioxide H2O.one acid,SO (SO4-2 3)) acetic acid (vinegar), citric acid (in fruits), ascorbic acid (vitamin C), etc 7 of 16 Explore Common Chemical Reactions What product would be formed from the reactants listed below. CO2 + H2O H2CO3 Nonmetal Compound + Water Acid CO2The (carbon product dioxide) is Carbonic is a nonmetal Acid (H compound. 2CO3) HThe takes on H a 2+1 Oequation is charge Water. & chemical is CO balanced 3 is –2. SoNonmetal two Hydrogens compounds combine one Carbonate with water ion. as it isbalance shown above. to form acids. Explore Common Chemical Reactions 8 of 16 Neutralization Acid + Base Salt + Water HCl + NaOH NaCl + HOH +1stable. You When The The probably A H+ The This An you salt water ions pairs acid forms take is aof also forms releases metal of an acids water atom noticed antacid from bonded and which hydrogen replaced that the forto is remaining OHan inavery each this H nonmetal. upset ions reaction ions. other of stomach, ions. bases the +1 +1 The whatmake acid A The you The base pairs to and metal are them H form releases the really atoms (from isvery two base thedoing hydroxide traded reactive new Na the “neutralize” acid) substances. is from partners. neutralizing compounds. bonds OH the-1each base. ions. to other. your -1 -1is TheThe But HThis from stomach The acid when This reaction nonmetal in the they the this type acid OH react case isofbonded with often isreaction (from is the together, HCl. acalled Cl base tothe the The from (the sometimes neutralization. base). the OH base antacid). the H+ from acid. ions is NaOH. the andbase. The Nathe from called This OHThese the makes aions double base ions bond H-OH bonded form replacement tightly or the toHsalt the O each (water). NaCl Cl reaction. from other. the acid. 2to 9 of 16 Explore Common Chemical Reactions What product would be formed from the reactants listed below. 2 HCl + Mg(OH)2 MgCl2 + 2 HOH Acid + Base Salt + Water The other product, thethe water, salt, is base. H-OH HCl is One anproduct, acid. Mg(OH) 2 is a The H The isAcids (from Magnesium chemical the acid) equation Chloride takes on (MgCl balanced aform +1 charge. react with basesis to 2) TheMg with OHtakes (from the acoefficients on the a +2 base charge )shown has&a Cl above. –1ischarge. –1. Salt and Water. So, one Magnesium So, water isbalances HOH or two H2O.Chlorines Explore Common Chemical Reactions 10 of 16 Metal Plating 1st Metal + Salt 2nd Metal + Salt Zn + CuSO4 Cu + ZnSO4 You can see zinc replaced the metal copper. (the zinc), Zinc This isThe type more of reactive reaction is very copper common. so this The The The salt second metal that metal isthe is produced inoriginal (product) solidthan elemental is formed comes form. from from the the This type thesalt ofplace reaction of the isthe copper often called in asalt. single Ittook isThe found reaction in will take and place. metal plating. original metal metal portion and isbatteries dissolved the of nonmetal water original portion asthe salt. ions of the started replacement with Copper reaction. II &metal However, IfWe copper it will metal only occur placed if the inSulfate original aissolution The metal here original iswas Zn. The salt. salt CuSO 4. ended with Zinc Sulfate. is more of zincreactive sulfate, than nothing the metal would in happen. the salt. 11 of 16 Explore Common Chemical Reactions What product would be formed from the reactants listed below. (Magnesium is more reactive than Silver) Mg + 2 AgNO3 2 Ag + Mg(NO3)2 Metal 1 + Salt Metal 2 The One other product, the Ag(NO metal, the salt, is) is Silver Mg(NO (Ag)) Mg is aproduct, metal. 3 2 is a salt. 3 2 TheMetals The silver Themagnesium chemical wasreact replaced equation is now by the an is producing balanced ion magnesium. Mg+2 can with salts +2 -1 Mgwith donated with coefficients its two nitrate becoming shown ions a NO Mg above. 3 ion. aand newthe salt bye-replacing the metal. +1 ions forms TheaAg new salt.accepted (Magnesium the e-Nitrate) and went back to elemental form. + Salt 12 of 16 Explore Common Chemical Reactions Combustion Organic + Oxygen Carbon + Water Dioxide Compound CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H 2O These This Another One Organic fuels is product a reaction may word compounds be for is the that Carbon combustion gasoline you contain Dioxide encounter iniscarbon. your burning. (CO daily. car, 2) the The chemical equation is gas balanced natural The This reaction reaction In gas this other that of case, allows organic heats product it is us your methane compounds toisrelease home, Water coal, energy (H (CH with oil ) from or the 2O) 4oxygen with the shown above. toOxygen food produce you organic iscoefficients carbon eat simply tofuel power Oxygen dioxide sources. your and Gas body. water (O2) The basicisreaction called combustion. is the same for each. Explore Common Chemical Reactions 13 of 16 What product would be formed from the reactants listed below. C3H8 + 5 O2 3 CO2 + 4 H2O Organic + Oxygen Carbon + Water Dioxide Compound There is an additional product in combustion The C3two HThe products isequation an any organic combustion compound. reaction 8 (propane) reactions chemicalin and that is is energy. balanced It reacts are always with Carbon Dioxide a combustion Water. reaction The with production theoxygen coefficients ofinenergy shown is and the above. reason to formwe carbon and water. burn dioxide these fuels. Explore Common Chemical Reactions 14 of 16 Polymerization Monomer + Monomer Polymer C2H3Cl + C2H3Cl -[C2H3Cl]-[C2H3Cl]The Small Polymerization A The The monomer process molecules polymer process of is polymerization that of ais are relatively putting also isbonded formed used small small by together in isliving molecules used this molecule. case to things. make form is larger create (monomers) Proteins aThe molecules. synthetic chain are monomers together polymers of vinyl substances Thechloride in to groups ofthis form amino like example larger of molecules. plastics, acids. monomers molecules areStarch nylon, are andIt(polymers) cellulose isvinyl called chloride are called Polyvinyl styrofoam, is polymers called molecules polymers. Chloride polymerization. etc. of simple C 2H (PVC). sugars. 3Cl 15 of 16 Explore Common Chemical Reactions What product would be formed from the reactants listed below. C2F4 + C2F4 Monomer (Tetrafluoroethylene) + -[C2F4]-[C2F4]- Monomer Polymer (Teflon) The product is Teflon. C F4 are monomers. It is a polymer2 of the small C2F4 monomers. Monomers combine to form Polymers. Name Salts with Multivalent Metals 16 of 16 Home Write the general reactants and products Formation of a Salt Metal + Nonmetal Salt Formation of a Base Metal Oxide + Water Base Formation of an Acid Nonmetal Compound + Water Acid Neutralization Metal Plating Combustion Polymerization Acid + Base Salt + Water Metal 1 + Salt Metal 2 + Salt Organic + Oxygen Carbon + Water Compound Dioxide Monomer + Monomer Polymer Technical Science Introduction to Chemistry You have Completed Chemical Equations Created by John W. Pluemer