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Classical Greece 1750 B.C.E. – 133 B.C.E What do you KNOW about Ancient Greece? Black Sea Macedonia Sea of Marmara Bosporus Mount Olympus Delphi • Aegean Sea •Athens • • Mycenaea • •Troy Dardanelles Asia Minor Olympia Sparta Ionian Sea Crete Peloponnesus Mediterranean Sea Nile Delta Egypt Palestine • • • • • The story of European civilization really begins on the island of Crete with a civilization that probably thought of itself as Asian (in fact, Crete is closer to Asia than it is to Europe). Around 1700 BC, a highly sophisticated culture grew up on Crete: the Minoans. What they thought, what stories they told, how they narrated their history, are all lost to us. All we have left are their palaces, their incredibly developed visual art, and their records. Mountains of records. For the Minoans produced a civilization oriented around trade and bureaucracy with little or no evidence of a military state. They built perhaps the single most efficient bureaucracy in antiquity. This unique culture lasted only a few centuries, and European civilization shifts to Europe itself with the foundation of the military city-states on the mainland of Greece. •Lost to human memory for over three and a half millennia, the Minoans stand at the very beginning of European civilization. •They were a people of magnificent social organization, culture, art, and commerce. There is no evidence that they were a military people; they thrived instead, it seems, on their remarkable mercantile abilities. •This lack of a military culture, however, may have spelled their final downfall. For a rival culture grew up on the mainland of Greece, the Myceneans, who were a war-like people. •The Myceneans, the direct inheritors of Minoan traditions may have been the agents of their destruction. The Minoans • The Minoans established a brilliant early civilization on the island of Crete. • The Minoans traded with Egypt and Mesopotamia. They acquired ideas and technology that they adapted to their own culture. • The Minoans helped to shape the first Greek civilization. The Mycenaens The Mycenaens conquered the Greek mainland and Crete. Mycenaen civilization dominated the Aegean from about 1400 B.C. to 1200 B.C. They traded with Sicily, Italy, Egypt, and Mesopotamia. Mycenaens absorbed Egyptian and Mesopotamian influences and passed them on to later Greeks. Geography of Ancient Greece • • • • Part of the Balkan Peninsula (water on 3 sides) Mountains divide the peninsula into isolated valleys Hundreds of rocky islands (“We live around the sea like frogs around a pond” – Plato) Seas linked Greeks to other civilizations like Egypt and the rest of the Middle East (like Phoenicia). An example of cultural diffusion can be seen in Greek alphabet expanding on the Phoenician So, therefore… 1. 2. 3. 4. Greeks did not create a vast empire… Instead, they build independent city-states Loyalty was to your city-state and independence was strongly defended…This resulted in frequent WARS (with each other and with outsiders like Persians) Population growth forced the Greeks to leave overcrowded valleys that were hard to farm on. Greek colonies spread due to TRADE all over the Mediterranean Sea (from Spain to Egypt) Governing the City-States 1. Between 750 B.C. and 500 B.C., the Greeks evolved different forms of government. 2. At first, the ruler was a king. A government in which a king or queen exercises central power is called a monarchy. 3. Slowly, power shifted to a class of noble landowners. At first, the nobles defended the king, but in time, they won power for themselves. A government ruled by a landholding elite is called an aristocracy. 4. As trade expanded, a new class of wealthy merchants, farmers, and artisans came to dominate some city-states. A government in which power is in the hands of a small, powerful elite, usually from the business class, is called an oligarchy. How are the ancient city-states of Athens and Sparta different and similar? (similarities) How are the ancient city-states of Athens and Sparta different and similar? •LIMITED democracy •Laws made by assembly (male only) •PARTICIPATION in government by male citizens (jury trials). **idiotes •OPEN society for travel and trade •Diverse education for boys •Women inferior Both •Language •Epic heroes like Odysseus and Hercules •Olympics •Gods and religious beliefs (Mt. Olympus) •Fear/hatred of foreigners (Persian) •Monarchy w/ 2 kings •MILITARY society •NO trade or travel •Military training for all boys, girls trained to be mothers of soldiers •Women obey men but can own property Unifying Forces Local ties, independent spirit, and economic rivalries led to fighting among the Greek city-states. Despite these divisions, the Greeks shared a common culture. • They honored the same ancient heroes, like Odysseus, Perseus and Hercules. • They participated in common festivals. • They prayed to the same gods. • They shared the Greek language. • They felt superior to non-Greeks, whom they called “barbaroi” (barbarians) people who did not speak Greek. DBQ 1 – Ancient Greek Contributions 1. What is doc? 2. What is doc? 3. What is doc? So what? So what? So what? 4. What is doc? 5. What is doc? 6. What is doc? So what? So what? So what? 7. What is doc? 8. What is doc? So what? So what? Golden Age of Athens **Chapter 5, Section 4 + DBQ 1** • Philosophy • Poetry and Drama • Arts and architecture • History • Greek philosophers, or "lovers of wisdom," used observation and reason to study the world around them. • This spirit of inquiry led to advancements in the arts and sciences, as well as examining the best form of government for men to live under. Famous philosophers include Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Philosophy - Greek philosophers, or "lovers of wisdom," used observation and reason to study the world around them. This spirit of inquiry led to advancements in the arts and sciences, as well as examining the best form of government for men to live under. Famous philosophers include Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Socrates Plato Socratic Method of Wrote The Republic questioning as a Favored a strong, learning tool. controlling government Considered to be first western philosopher Aristotle Developed ideas on government Favored the one strong and wise rule as best form. Society has three Human Reason was classes: Philosophers, the key to learning Soldiers, and Workers Art & Architecture: Greek artists portrayed the human figure in idealized realism. Greek architects build elaborate buildings using marble and the Greek column. The most famous example of Greek architecture is the Parthenon in Athens. Many buildings around the world today use Greek architectural ideas. The Parthenon is a temple on the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their virgin patron. What is the purpose of the Lincoln Memorial? The Parthenon's position on the Acropolis allows it to dominate the city skyline of Athens "In this temple, as in the hearts of the people for whom he saved the Union, the memory of Abraham Lincoln is enshrined forever." Paintings and sculptures show humans in the perfect form: Consider: Why would a civilization want to “immortalize” someone in a statue? The Discobolus of Myron ("discus thrower“)is a famous Roman marble copy of a lost Greek bronze original, completed during the zenith of the classical period between 460-450 BC. A discus thrower is depicted about to release his throw. The moment captured in the statue is an example of rhythmos, harmony and balance. Myron is often credited as being the first sculpture to master this style. Naturally, as always in Greek athletics, the Discobolus is completely nude. Literature • Early Greek literature was in the form of plays developed for religious ceremonies. Famous writers, such as Aeschylus and Sophocles, wrote tragedies and comedies about human conflict and interaction between the gods and man. These stories were very popular, and became the basis for modern literature. • The Greeks were also the first historians. Herodotus, known as the Father of History, wrote books chronicling historical events, such as the Persian War. BONUS QUESTION – Quiz chap. 5, sec. 3 As Greeks fought amongst themselves, what NEW POWER rose in the NORTH? Black Sea Macedonia Sea of Marmara Bosporus Mount Olympus Delphi • Aegean Sea •Athens • • Mycenaea • •Troy Dardanelles Asia Minor Olympia Sparta Ionian Sea Crete Peloponnesus Mediterranean Sea Nile Delta Egypt Palestine Victory and Defeat in the Greek World (The “Pee-Pee” wars) Persian Wars Peloponnesian Wars • Greece (led by Athens) • Athenian greatness leads to resentment vs. the Persian Empire • Sparta leads rivals against • Victory at Marathon Athens • Series of battles end in • Greek against Greek – Greek victory and Athens declines in status. Fighting continues for Athens emerges as another century until Philip most powerful cityof Macedonia comes along state Despite their cultural ties, the Greek city-states were often in conflict with one another. The threat of the powerful Persian empire united the Greek citystates. United, the city-states defeated the Persians and ended the threat of Persian invasions. Darius and Xerxes receiving tribute The Battle of Thermopylae took place over three days during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Impact of the Persian Wars Athens organized the Delian League, an alliance with other Greek city-states. Athens used the Delian League to create an Athenian empire. Athenian empire trireme: three-banked oared ship •Athenians as a nautical (sea) people vs. traditional land warfare (Sparta) •surplus of wealth enabled naval development under Themistocles •Piraeus: natural harbors, ship-sheds The Peloponnesian War CAUSES Many Greeks outside of Athens resented Athenian domination. EFFECTS Athenian domination of the Greek world ended. Athens recovered economically and remained the cultural center of Greece. Sparta formed the Peloponnesian League to rival Democratic government suffered. the Delian League. Corruption and selfish interests Sparta encouraged oligarchy, while Athens supported democracy. replaced older ideals such as service to the city-state. Alexander the Great Philip of Macedonia conquered Greece. He was assassinated before he could fulfill his dream of conquering the Persian empire. Philip’s son, Alexander, succeeded him to the throne. Alexander won his first victory against the Persians at the Granicus River. He then conquered Asia Minor, Palestine, Egypt, and Babylon. Alexander crossed the Hindu Kush into northern India. There his troops faced soldiers mounted on war elephants. They were forced to retreat. While planning his next battle campaign, Alexander died of a sudden fever. Three generals divided up the empire. It was never the same. The Empire of Alexander the Great The Legacy (impact) of Alexander Although Alexander’s empire did not last, he had unleashed changes that would ripple across the Mediterranean world and the Middle East for centuries. • Alexander’s most lasting achievement was the spread of Greek culture. • Across the empire, local people assimilated, or absorbed, Greek ideas. In turn, Greek settlers adopted local customs. • Gradually, a blending of eastern and western cultures occurred. This is known as HELLENISM • Alexander had encouraged this blending by marrying a Persian woman and adopting Persian customs. The Hellenistic golden age occurs under the leadership of Alexander the Great, who conquered an empire stretching from the Greek mainland all the way to the Indus River Valley. •Hellenistic society was a blending of Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and many other cultures that gave rise to advancements in math, science, art, and literature. Math & Science •Greek mathematician Pythagoras, developed a formula to calculate the relationship between the sides of a right triangle, a method still in use today. •Aristarchus, a Greek astronomer, discovered that the earth rotated on its axis, and revolved around the sun. •Eratosthenes discovered that the earth was round, and accurately calculated its circumference. •Euclid wrote a book called The Elements, which is the basis for modern geometry. •A Greek scientist named Archimedes tried to use science for more practical matters, he showed how the use of a lever and pulley system could lift just about any weight. Medicine: Hippocrates, a 5th century BCE physician, studied the causes of illnesses and experimented with various cures. He is also credited with creating a set of ethical standards for doctors called the Hippocratic Oath •Art historian H.W. Janson considered this the “greatest masterpiece of Hellenistic art.” •Created in the 2nd century B.C. the statue celebrates the victors of naval battles •The Greeks appreciated simplicity, balance, and elegance in their art and architecture. •They tended to idealize the human form rather than represent it realistically. In addition they had faith in human reason and in scientific investigations to explain many questions about life… •THIS IS KNOWN AS HUMANISM Checklist of “STUFF” for GREECE Chapter 5, Section 1 – RF + timeline Quiz – Chapter 5, Section 2 Athens vs. Sparta comparison chart / reading Crossword Puzzle – Ancient Greece vocabulary Quiz on Chapter 5, SECTION 3 (“Victory and Defeat in the Greek World”) Section 4 and 5 Assessment Questions DBQ 1 – “Ancient Greek Contributions” Notes Greece Quest 1. All answers are to be placed on the SCANRON FORM. 2. For #16-20 (fill in the blanks) – WRITE your answers on the LINED part of the Scantron form. Remember to LEAVE the bubbles alone for #16-20 on the Scantron form and restart bubbling with #21 (multiple choice). 3. For Part IV - Only complete TWO of the five short answers…your choice of two!