Download Ancient Greece - Goshen Central School District

Classical Greece
1750 B.C.E. – 133 B.C.E
What do you KNOW about
Ancient Greece?
Black Sea
Macedonia
Sea of
Marmara
Bosporus
Mount
Olympus
Delphi •
Aegean
Sea
•Athens
•
• Mycenaea
•
•Troy
Dardanelles
Asia Minor
Olympia
Sparta
Ionian Sea
Crete
Peloponnesus
Mediterranean Sea
Nile Delta
Egypt
Palestine
•
•
•
•
•
The story of European civilization really
begins on the island of Crete with a
civilization that probably thought of itself as
Asian (in fact, Crete is closer to Asia than it
is to Europe).
Around 1700 BC, a highly sophisticated
culture grew up on Crete: the Minoans.
What they thought, what stories they told,
how they narrated their history, are all lost to
us. All we have left are their palaces, their
incredibly developed visual art, and their
records. Mountains of records.
For the Minoans produced a civilization
oriented around trade and bureaucracy with
little or no evidence of a military state. They
built perhaps the single most efficient
bureaucracy in antiquity.
This unique culture lasted only a few
centuries, and European civilization shifts to
Europe itself with the foundation of the
military city-states on the mainland of
Greece.
•Lost to human memory for over three
and a half millennia, the Minoans stand
at the very beginning of European
civilization.
•They were a people of magnificent
social organization, culture, art, and
commerce. There is no evidence that
they were a military people; they thrived
instead, it seems, on their remarkable
mercantile abilities.
•This lack of a military culture,
however, may have spelled their final
downfall. For a rival culture grew up on
the mainland of Greece, the Myceneans,
who were a war-like people.
•The Myceneans, the direct inheritors of
Minoan traditions may have been the
agents of their destruction.
The Minoans
• The Minoans established a brilliant early
civilization on the island of Crete.
• The Minoans traded with Egypt and
Mesopotamia. They acquired ideas and
technology that they adapted to their own culture.
• The Minoans helped to shape the first Greek
civilization.
The Mycenaens
The Mycenaens conquered the Greek mainland
and Crete.
Mycenaen civilization dominated the Aegean from about
1400 B.C. to 1200 B.C.
They traded with Sicily, Italy, Egypt, and Mesopotamia.
Mycenaens absorbed Egyptian and Mesopotamian
influences and passed them on to later Greeks.
Geography of Ancient Greece
•
•
•
•
Part of the Balkan Peninsula (water on 3 sides)
Mountains divide the peninsula into isolated valleys
Hundreds of rocky islands (“We live around the sea like frogs around a
pond” – Plato)
Seas linked Greeks to other civilizations like Egypt and the rest of the
Middle East (like Phoenicia). An example of cultural diffusion can be seen
in Greek alphabet expanding on the Phoenician
So, therefore…
1.
2.
3.
4.
Greeks did not create a vast empire…
Instead, they build independent city-states
Loyalty was to your city-state and independence was strongly
defended…This resulted in frequent WARS (with each other and with
outsiders like Persians)
Population growth forced the Greeks to leave overcrowded valleys that
were hard to farm on. Greek colonies spread due to TRADE all over
the Mediterranean Sea (from Spain to Egypt)
Governing the City-States
1. Between 750 B.C. and 500 B.C., the Greeks evolved
different forms of government.
2. At first, the ruler was a king. A government in which a king
or queen exercises central power is called a monarchy.
3. Slowly, power shifted to a class of noble landowners.
At first, the nobles defended the king, but in time, they
won power for themselves. A government ruled by a
landholding elite is called an aristocracy.
4. As trade expanded, a new class of wealthy merchants,
farmers, and artisans came to dominate some city-states.
A government in which power is in the hands of a
small, powerful elite, usually from the business class,
is called an oligarchy.
How are the ancient city-states of Athens
and Sparta different and similar?
(similarities)
How are the ancient city-states of Athens
and Sparta different and similar?
•LIMITED democracy
•Laws made by assembly
(male only)
•PARTICIPATION in
government by male citizens
(jury trials).
**idiotes
•OPEN society for travel
and trade
•Diverse education for boys
•Women inferior
Both
•Language
•Epic heroes
like Odysseus
and Hercules
•Olympics
•Gods and
religious beliefs
(Mt. Olympus)
•Fear/hatred of
foreigners
(Persian)
•Monarchy w/ 2 kings
•MILITARY society
•NO trade or travel
•Military training for all
boys, girls trained to be
mothers of soldiers
•Women obey men but
can own property
Unifying Forces
Local ties, independent spirit, and economic rivalries led to fighting
among the Greek city-states. Despite these divisions, the Greeks
shared a common culture.
• They honored the same ancient heroes, like
Odysseus, Perseus and Hercules.
• They participated in common festivals.
• They prayed to the same gods.
• They shared the Greek language.
• They felt superior to non-Greeks, whom they
called “barbaroi” (barbarians) people who did
not speak Greek.
DBQ 1 – Ancient Greek Contributions
1. What is doc?
2. What is doc?
3. What is doc?
So what?
So what?
So what?
4. What is doc?
5. What is doc?
6. What is doc?
So what?
So what?
So what?
7. What is doc?
8. What is doc?
So what?
So what?
Golden Age of Athens
**Chapter 5, Section 4 + DBQ 1**
• Philosophy
• Poetry and Drama
• Arts and architecture
• History
• Greek philosophers, or "lovers of
wisdom," used observation and reason to
study the world around them.
• This spirit of inquiry led to advancements
in the arts and sciences, as well as
examining the best form of government
for men to live under. Famous philosophers
include Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
Philosophy - Greek philosophers, or "lovers of wisdom," used observation and reason to
study the world around them. This spirit of inquiry led to advancements in the arts and sciences,
as well as examining the best form of government for men to live under. Famous philosophers
include Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
Socrates
Plato
Socratic Method of Wrote The Republic
questioning as a
Favored a strong,
learning tool.
controlling
government
Considered to be
first western
philosopher
Aristotle
Developed ideas on
government
Favored the one
strong and wise rule
as best form.
Society has three
Human Reason was
classes: Philosophers, the key to learning
Soldiers, and Workers
Art & Architecture: Greek artists portrayed the human figure in
idealized realism. Greek architects build elaborate
buildings using marble and the Greek column. The most famous
example of Greek architecture is the Parthenon in Athens. Many
buildings around the world today use Greek architectural ideas.
The Parthenon is a temple on the Athenian Acropolis,
Greece, dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena, whom the
people of Athens considered their virgin patron.
What is the purpose of the
Lincoln Memorial?
The Parthenon's position on the Acropolis
allows it to dominate the city skyline of Athens
"In this temple, as in the hearts of
the people for whom he saved the
Union, the memory of Abraham
Lincoln is enshrined forever."
Paintings and sculptures show humans in the perfect form:
Consider:
Why would a
civilization
want to
“immortalize”
someone in a
statue?
The Discobolus of Myron ("discus thrower“)is a famous Roman marble copy of a lost Greek bronze original,
completed during the zenith of the classical period between 460-450 BC. A discus thrower is depicted about to
release his throw. The moment captured in the statue is an example of rhythmos, harmony and balance. Myron
is often credited as being the first sculpture to master this style.
Naturally, as always in Greek athletics, the Discobolus is completely nude.
Literature
• Early Greek literature was in the form of plays developed for
religious ceremonies. Famous writers, such as Aeschylus and
Sophocles, wrote tragedies and comedies about human conflict and
interaction between the gods and man. These stories were very
popular, and became the basis for modern literature.
• The Greeks were also the first historians. Herodotus, known as the
Father of History, wrote books chronicling historical events, such
as the Persian War.
BONUS QUESTION –
Quiz chap. 5, sec. 3
As Greeks fought amongst
themselves, what NEW
POWER rose in the
NORTH?
Black Sea
Macedonia
Sea of
Marmara
Bosporus
Mount
Olympus
Delphi •
Aegean
Sea
•Athens
•
• Mycenaea
•
•Troy
Dardanelles
Asia Minor
Olympia
Sparta
Ionian Sea
Crete
Peloponnesus
Mediterranean Sea
Nile Delta
Egypt
Palestine
Victory and Defeat in the Greek World
(The “Pee-Pee” wars)
Persian Wars
Peloponnesian Wars
• Greece (led by Athens) • Athenian greatness leads to
resentment
vs. the Persian Empire
• Sparta leads rivals against
• Victory at Marathon
Athens
• Series of battles end in • Greek against Greek –
Greek victory and
Athens declines in status.
Fighting continues for
Athens emerges as
another century until Philip
most powerful cityof Macedonia comes along
state
Despite their cultural
ties, the Greek city-states
were often in conflict
with one another.
The threat of the
powerful Persian empire
united the Greek citystates.
United, the city-states
defeated the Persians
and ended the threat of
Persian invasions.
Darius and Xerxes receiving tribute
The Battle of Thermopylae took place over three days during the
second Persian invasion of Greece.
The Impact of the Persian Wars
Athens organized the Delian
League, an alliance with other
Greek city-states.
Athens used the Delian League to
create an Athenian empire.
Athenian empire
trireme: three-banked oared ship
•Athenians as a nautical (sea) people vs. traditional land warfare (Sparta)
•surplus of wealth enabled naval development under Themistocles
•Piraeus: natural harbors, ship-sheds
The Peloponnesian War
CAUSES
Many Greeks outside of
Athens resented Athenian
domination.
EFFECTS
Athenian domination of the
Greek world ended.
Athens recovered economically
and remained the cultural center of
Greece.
Sparta formed the
Peloponnesian League to rival Democratic government suffered.
the Delian League.
Corruption and selfish interests
Sparta encouraged oligarchy,
while Athens supported
democracy.
replaced older ideals such as
service to the city-state.
Alexander the Great
Philip of Macedonia conquered Greece. He was assassinated
before he could fulfill his dream of conquering the Persian empire.
Philip’s son, Alexander, succeeded him to the throne.
Alexander won his first victory against the Persians at the Granicus
River. He then conquered Asia Minor, Palestine, Egypt, and Babylon.
Alexander crossed the Hindu Kush into northern India. There his
troops faced soldiers mounted on war elephants. They were forced to
retreat.
While planning his next battle campaign, Alexander died of a sudden
fever. Three generals divided up the empire. It was never the same.
The Empire of Alexander the Great
The Legacy (impact) of Alexander
Although Alexander’s empire did not last, he had unleashed
changes that would ripple across the Mediterranean world
and the Middle East for centuries.
• Alexander’s most lasting achievement was the spread of Greek
culture.
• Across the empire, local people assimilated, or absorbed, Greek
ideas. In turn, Greek settlers adopted local customs.
•
Gradually, a blending of eastern and western cultures
occurred. This is known as HELLENISM
• Alexander had encouraged this blending by marrying a Persian
woman and adopting Persian customs.
The Hellenistic golden age occurs under the leadership of
Alexander the Great, who conquered an empire
stretching from the Greek mainland all the way to the Indus
River Valley.
•Hellenistic society was a blending of Greek, Egyptian,
Persian, and many other cultures that gave rise to
advancements in math, science, art, and literature.
Math & Science
•Greek mathematician Pythagoras, developed a formula to calculate the
relationship between the sides of a right triangle, a method still in use today.
•Aristarchus, a Greek astronomer, discovered that the earth rotated on its
axis, and revolved around the sun.
•Eratosthenes discovered that the earth was round, and accurately
calculated its circumference.
•Euclid wrote a book called The Elements, which is the basis for modern
geometry.
•A Greek scientist named Archimedes tried to use science for more practical
matters, he showed how the use of a lever and pulley system could lift just about
any weight.
Medicine:
Hippocrates, a 5th century BCE physician, studied the causes of illnesses
and experimented with various cures. He is also credited with creating a set of
ethical standards for doctors called the Hippocratic Oath
•Art historian H.W. Janson considered this
the “greatest masterpiece of Hellenistic
art.”
•Created in the 2nd century B.C. the statue
celebrates the victors of naval battles
•The Greeks appreciated simplicity,
balance, and elegance in their art and
architecture.
•They tended to idealize the human form
rather than represent it realistically. In
addition they had faith in human reason
and in scientific investigations to explain
many questions about life…
•THIS IS KNOWN AS
HUMANISM
Checklist of “STUFF” for GREECE
Chapter 5, Section 1 – RF + timeline
Quiz – Chapter 5, Section 2
Athens vs. Sparta comparison chart / reading
Crossword Puzzle – Ancient Greece vocabulary
Quiz on Chapter 5, SECTION 3 (“Victory and
Defeat in the Greek World”)
Section 4 and 5 Assessment Questions
DBQ 1 – “Ancient Greek Contributions”
Notes
Greece Quest
1. All answers are to be placed on the SCANRON
FORM.
2. For #16-20 (fill in the blanks) – WRITE your
answers on the LINED part of the Scantron
form. Remember to LEAVE the bubbles alone
for #16-20 on the Scantron form and restart
bubbling with #21 (multiple choice).
3. For Part IV - Only complete TWO of the five
short answers…your choice of two!