Download Byzantine Empire

THE BYZANTINE
EMPIRE & RUSSIA
Mr. Millhouse
AP World History
Hebron High School
CLASSICAL ERA REVIEW
Classical Greece (500 BCE – 323 BCE)
 Competing city-states due, in part, to geography
 Could unify against outside threats (Persian Wars)
 Conquered by Macedonians (Phillip II, AtG’s father)
 Commercial agriculture using slavery
 Wine & olive oil
 Polytheism
 Rise of Greek Rationalism (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, etc.)
 Strictly patriarchal (with exceptions - Sparta, Aspasia)
 Famous for the arts
 Architecture, literature, etc.
GREEK CULTURAL
ACCOMPLISHMENTS
ALEXANDER THE GREAT
ALEXANDER THE GREAT
ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE
HELLENISTIC ERA
Library at Alexandria
Astronomy
 Geocentric Theory vs. Heliocentric Theory
 Eratosthenes calculated the Earth’s circumference
Mathematics
 Euclid’s Elements (465 geometry propositions & proofs)
 Pythagoras developed Pythagorean theorem
Archimedes of Syracuse
 Estimated the value of pi, law of lever, pulley systems,
catapult, Archimedes principal (displacement) etc.
THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
ROMAN EXPANSION
FALL OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
ROMAN EMPIRE
Roman Empire
 Roman Government
 Republic replaced by monarchy (Augustus Caesar)
 Citizenship, the law (Twelve Tables), & the military
 Commercial economy (slavery)
 Thriving trade on the Mediterranean & Silk Roads
 Polytheistic
 Rise of religions of salvation (Christianity)
 Strictly patriarchal
 Most noted for engineering accomplishments
 The Colosseum, the Pantheon, aqueducts, roads, etc.
ROMAN ACCOMPLISHMENTS
FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
164 – Antonine Plague
spreads through Rome
180 – End of Pax Romana
300 – Diocletian divides the
Empire
313 – Constantine legalizes
Christianity
410 – Visigoths sack Rome
455 – Vandals sack Rome
476 – Fall of the Western
Roman Empire
Diocletian chooses to rule the Eastern half of
the Roman Empire. What does this say about
the Western half?
EAST VS. WEST
Why was the fall of the western Roman Empire
more severe than the eastern Roman Empire?
What were the consequences of the fall of the
western half of Empire? Eastern half?
EASTERN ROME: A SURVIVOR
SOCIETY
Constantine established
the Eastern capital at
Byzantium
 Constantinople
Reasons for Survival
 Higher level of
civilization
 Fewer nomadic invasions
 Geography
 Prosperous commerce
 Stronger military
THE EMPIRE CONTINUED
Continued to use
many late Roman
ideas
 roads
 taxation
 military structure
 court system
 law codes
 Christianity
Attempt to preserve
Roman legacy
 Called themselves
Romans
 Forbid German or
“barbarian” customs
 Could not wear boots,
pants, or clothing made of
animal skins
 Could not have long hair
JUSTINIAN (527-565)
Byzantine empire reached
greatest size under Justinian
(527-565)
 Wanted to rebuild Roman Empire
 Temporarily regained North
Africa, Italy and southern Spain
Wife, Theodora, had
considerable power
Rebuilt Constantinople
 Hagia Sophia
Justinian’s Code
BYZANTINE EMPIRE UNDER JUSTINIAN
Hagia
Sophia
INSIDE THE HAGIA SOPHIA
AFRO-EURASIA IN 600 CE
Frankish
Kingdoms
Avar Kingdom
Parhae
Byzantine Empire
Sassanid
Empire
Sui China
Silla
Harsha’ Empire
Chalukya
Ghana
Axum
States and Empires in 600 CE
Yamoto
Japan
THE NEW ROMAN EMPIRE
Never as large as the Roman Empire
 Arab conquests in 7 th century resulted in loss of
Syria/Palestine, Egypt, & North Africa
Political authority centralized in Constantinople
Emperor claimed to be God’s representative on
Earth
 “Peer of the Apostles”
Borrowed Persian & Greek court rituals
AFRO-EURASIA IN 800 CE
Carolingian
Parhae
Byzantine
Cordoba
Caliphate
Abbasid
Caliphate
GurjaraPratihara
Tang China
Silla
Heian
Japan
Ghana
Axum
Srivijaya
States and Empires in 800 CE
DECLINE OF THE EMPIRE
 Begins to decline in
1085
 Expansion by rising
European powers
 The Crusades
 The Fourth Crusade (1204)
 Turkish Muslims –
Seljuks
 Decline slowed by
“Greek fire”
 Empire falls in 1453
 Constantinople conquered
by Ottoman Turks
BYZANTINE CHALLENGES
AFRO-EURASIA IN 1400 CE
Union of Kalmar
Russian
States
Scotland
England
France
Portugal
PolandKhanate of the
Holy
Lithuania Golden Horde
Roman
Empire Hungary
Castile
Jagatai
Khanate
Ottoman Emp.
Timurid Empire
Granada
Marinids Hafsids
Korea
Ming
China
Ashikaga
Japan
Mamluk
Sultanate
Mali
Oyo Benin
Ethiopia
Vijayanagara
Zanj City-States
Siam
Majapahit
Zimbabwe
States and Empires in 1400 CE
BYZANTINE ECONOMY
 Byzantine coins were
the standard currency
for region
 Manufacturing center
 Glassware & mosaics
 Thriving silk industry
 Process spread from China
 Government regulated
production of silk
 Established banks and
business partnerships
 Taxed merchandise that
passed through empire
The “New Rome” - Constantinople
The “New Rome”
 Political, economic, and
cultural heart of the empire
Largest city in Europe
 Nearly 1 million people
Important trade city
 Western anchor of
Eurasian trade routes
 Silk Roads
 Europe’s busiest
marketplace
CONSTANTINOPLE IN BYZANTINE
TIMES
BYZANTINE SOCIETY
Early emperors prevented wealthy from seizing
peasant’s land
 Theme System
 Army recruited soldiers from peasant class
 Peasants received land for service
Free peasantry replaced by large estates in the
11 th century
 Led to declining tax revenue
 Size of the army decreased
 Frequent peasant revolts
 Zealots of Thessalonica (1342-1350)
BYZANTINE CULTURE
Cultural Foundations
 Christian beliefs
 Greek learning
 Roman engineering
Byzantine Education
 State-organized schools
 Widespread literacy
Chariot Races
 Blues vs. Greens
 Riot of 532
ORTHODOX CHRISTIANITY
Byzantine emperors combined political and
religious authority
 Caesaropapism
 Appointed the Patriarch of the Orthodox Church
 Empire AND the church were essential for achieving
salvation
Orthodox or “right thinking” provided a cultural
identity separate from Roman Catholicism
 Similarities: The Bible, sacraments, church structure,
missionary activity, & intolerant of other religions
ORTHODOX/CATHOLIC SIMILARITIES
The Bible
Sacraments
Church hierarchy of patriarchs (bishops, priests,
etc.)
Missionary activity
Intolerant of other religions
THE GREAT SCHISM - 1054
Orthodox Christianity
 Eastern Europe
 Constantinople
 Greek
 Iconoclasm
 Priests could marry
 Easter
 Caesaropapism
Roman Catholic Christianity
 Western Europe
 Rome
 Latin
 Support use of icons
 Priests remain celibate
 Christmas
 Pope
They also disagree on:
• The nature of the Trinity
• Relative importance of faith and reason
EFFECTS OF THE GREAT SCHISM
RISE OF RUSSIA
Area inhabited by
Slavs
 Vikings arrive using
river system
Set up state based on
trade & conquest
around 9 th Century
 State founded by Rurik
 Capital at Kiev
People called Rus
RUSSIA & CHRISTIANITY
Prince Vladimir
converted in 989
 Converted for trade,
commercial reasons
Elites baptized by order
of prince, often against
will
Served as conduit for
spread of Byzantine
culture, religion
Famous Russian onion domes
 Cyrillic Alphabet
KIEVAN RUS
“Third Rome”
Decentralized
government
 Divided into
provinces
 Constant strife
between boyars and
princes
Constant threat of
nomadic invasion