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Transcript
CLAUSES Clause: a group of words that contains a subject and its predicate FYI: A complete clause includes not only the subject and the verb, but all of the modifiers and phrases that go with them. A sentence may consist of only one clause or several, each with its own subject and predicate. TWO KINDS OF CLAUSES: Independent clause: makes sense independently. Example: Lance is a goofball. Dependent clause: does not make sense unless it can “hang on to” an independent clause. Example: Because Lance is a goofball… MORE DEPENDENT CLAUSES: Adjective dependent clause: (AKA relative clause) a dependent clause used as an adjective; often interrupts the main clause; begins with relative pronouns. Relative pronouns: who, whose, whom, which, that Examples: The man who followed you turned left. We watched the man who turned left. “I am he that walks with the tender and growing night.” Adverb dependent clause: dependent clauses that act as big adverbs. Adverb clauses usually begin with subordinating conjunctions. Subordinating conjunctions: if, as, since, when, because, before, after, although, as long as, while, even though, in order that Example: I jumped when the fish expanded. (This clause acts as an adverb because it answers the question, “When did I jump?”) Where dependent clauses go: Dependent clauses can not be used as sentences by themselves; they depend on an independent clause for meaning. The dependent clause may be placed before, after, or even in the middle of an independent clause: If you find the white whale, the voyage will be a success. The evil will collapse when the white whale is destroyed. The poet who wrote the cantos was exiled to Italy. I found what I was looking for. The difference between a clause and a sentence: Read only: A clause has both a subject and a predicate, like a sentence, but a sentence always has a complete thought, whereas a clause might be incomplete (if it’s dependent). A sentence can consist of one or several clauses. FOUR SENTENCE STRUCTURES: Simple sentence: Structure: I A simple sentence consists of simply one independent clause. The house is haunted. COMPOUND SENTENCE: II Structure: I + I or I+I+I, etc. A compound sentence is a sentence compounded by 2 or more independent clauses. Ask me for tomorrow, and you shall find me a grave man. Complex Sentence: ID D,I Structure: I+D or D+I or D+I+D, etc. A complex sentence consists of an independent clause joined to a dependent clause. Whenever Richard Cory went downtown, we people on the pavement looked at him. Compound-complex sentence IID DII Structure: I+I+D or D+I+I A compound-complex sentence contains both a compound clause structure and a complex clause structure. Because I exercise, I feel happy, and I stay in shape. Summary of Clause Punctuation: I,ccI I;I ID D,I (comma before coordinating conjunction in compound sentence) (semicolon between independent clauses if no coordinating conjunction) (no comma after independent clause in complex sentence) (comma after dependent clause in complex sentence) Four Purposes of Sentences/Ideas: Declarative Sentence: a sentence that declares (states) I am going to the mall. Interrogative Sentence: a sentence that interrogates (asks a question) Are you going to the mall? Imperative Sentence: a command Go to the mall. Exclamatory Sentence: exclaims I’m going to the mall! CONGRATULATIONS!!!!! You are finished taking grammar notes!!!! until next year…..=0)