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1/22/2011 Psychology of Learning: Behaviorism Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos Learning Goals • Understand classical conditioning and its relevance to learning • Understand operant conditioning and its relevance to learning Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos Behaviorism Overview • Behaviorism definition of learning: Relatively permanent change in behavior as the result of experience. • There are two types of behaviorism: 1. Classical Conditioning: Association of involuntary responses with new stimuli 2. Operant Conditioning: Voluntary behavior is strengthened or weakened by punishment or rewards Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos 1 1/22/2011 Classical Conditioning Before Conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus (food) Unconditioned Response (salivation) Neutral Stimulus (bell) No Conditioned Response (no salivation) During Conditioning Neutral Stimulus (bell) + Unconditioned Stimulus (food) Unconditioned Response (salivation) After Conditioning Conditioned Response (salivation) Conditioned Stimulus (bell) Law of Association Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos Classical Conditioning Unconditioned: Unlearned/Involuntary Neutral: Stimulus: Response: Event that activates a behavior Reaction to stimulus Unconditioned Unconditioned Stimulus Response Neutral Stimulus No natural association Conditioned: Learned by association Conditioned Stimulus Conditioned Response Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos Classical Conditioning • Unconditioned Stimulus: Stimulus that triggers unconditioned response • Unconditioned Response: Unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus • Neutral Stimulus: Stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response • Conditional Stimulus: Neutral stimulus that comes to evoke a classically conditioned response • Conditioned Response: Learned response to a classically conditioned stimulus Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos 2 1/22/2011 Classical Conditioning Before Conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus (sugar) Unconditioned Response (salivate) Neutral Stimulus (finger in cup) No Conditioned Response (no salivation) During Conditioning Neutral Stimulus (sugar) + Unconditioned Stimulus (finger) Unconditioned Response (salivate) After Conditioning Conditioned Response (salivate) Conditioned Stimulus (finger in cup) Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos Classical Conditioning Before Conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus (harsh reprimands) Unconditioned Response (fear) Neutral Stimulus (teacher) No Conditioned Response (no fear) During Conditioning Neutral Stimulus (teacher) + Unconditioned Stimulus (harsh reprimands) Unconditioned Response (fear) After Conditioning Conditioned Stimulus (teacher) Conditioned Response (fear) Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos Classical Conditioning and Attitudes Before Conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus (Father) Unconditioned Response (Like) Neutral Stimulus (TV show) No Conditioned Response (Neutral) During Conditioning Neutral Stimulus (TV show) + Unconditioned Stimulus (Father) Unconditioned Response (Like) After Conditioning Conditioned Stimulus (TV Show) Conditioned Response (Like) Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos 3 1/22/2011 Classical Conditioning Before Conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Response Neutral Stimulus No Conditioned Response During Conditioning Neutral Stimulus + Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Response After Conditioning Conditioned Stimulus Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos Conditioned Response Remember: The Response must be involuntary! Classical Conditioning: Educational Implications • Pupil harassed at school – Pupil feels bad when harassed – Pupil associates being harassed and school – Pupil feels bad when she thinks of school • Student has caring instructor – – – – Student feels good when with instructor Student associates feeling good with the instructor Student feels good when he thinks of the instructor Student generalizes feeling good to school Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos Classical Conditioning: Educational Implications • Classical Conditioning relates mostly to learning emotional behavior • After repeated associations, previously neutral activities will become associated with emotions (happy, sad, anxious, angry, etc.) Based on their experiences with Christians and the church, people will learn to associate certain emotions with God that can help or hinder their walk of faith • We must treat others – particularly non-Christians – so that they associate the fruits of the spirit with God Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos 4 1/22/2011 Operant Conditioning • Law of effect: Responses followed by positive outcomes are repeated while those followed by negative outcomes are not • Operant Conditioning: Learn to behave in ways that result in reinforcement Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos Operant Conditioning Response Stimulus Positive: Presentation Negative: Removal Reinforcement: Punishment: Repeat Behavior Behavior Ends Positive Reinforcement Positive Punishment Negative Reinforcement Negative Punishment Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos Operant Conditioning Behavior Response Type Good grade Positive Reinforcement Homework Not sweep compound Negative Reinforcement Disrespect Teacher Sent to headmaster Positive Punishment Cheat on homework No break-time Negative Punishment Study Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos 5 1/22/2011 Operant Conditioning Scenario • Rachel gets an award at the memory verse contest, so she continues to memorize bible verses. • Benedict has a new girlfriend. However, none of his friends like the new girlfriend, so they always ignore him when she is around. Eventually, Benedict breaks up with the girl. • At JETS, the lecturer says that if you work hard on your other assignments, you will not have to take the exam. • Martha enters a church with lively dancing and singing. Martha does not dance during the singing, but the people around her glare at her so she starts to dance. Operant Conditioning • Reinforcement: Increase likelihood of response – Positive Reinforcement: Strengthens response by presenting a pleasant stimulus – Negative Reinforcement: Strengthens a response by removing an unpleasant stimulus • Punishment: Decrease likelihood of response – Positive Punishment: Weakens a response through presentation of unpleasant stimulus – Negative Punishment: Weakens a response through removing a pleasant stimulus Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos Reinforcement • Positive Reinforcement – Premack Principle: More desired activity is a positive reinforcer for a less desired activity • Observe students to determine most effective reinforcer Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos 6 1/22/2011 Punishment • Negative Punishment – Extinction: Ignore the inappropriate behavior by a child – Time Out: Remove a student from a reinforcing environment • Remove all reinforcement • Consistently maintain • Short (1 minute per year of child) – Response Cost: Remove previously earned rewards Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos Punishment • Advantages – When used carefully and rarely, punishment provides information about inappropriate behaviors • Disadvantages – Obedience is not permanent – May classically condition negative emotions – Long history may lead to psychological harm Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos Operant Conditioning • Strengths – Effective for short-term behavior modification – Straight-forward and easy to implement • Criticisms – Does not address cognitive processes – Behavior ends when reinforcement ends – May hinder intrinsic motivation Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos 7