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Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Structure and Function of the Body Anatomy: study of the structure of an organism & the relationship of its parts. Studied thru dissection. Physiology: study of the functions of living organisms & their parts. Anatomical structures “designed” to perform specific functions. Size, shape, form, position, to perform unique specialized activity. All body functions ultimately cell functions Structural Levels of Organization: Progress from least complex (chemical level) to most complex (body as a whole). See pg 4 (fig 1-1) overhead (notes on book picture) Atoms (chemical/biochemical)MoleculesCellsTissuesOrgansOrgan Systems Cells: smallest living units of structure and function in body (but complex) Tissues: more complex than cells. Organization of many similar cells that act together to perform common function. Cells held together by (& surrounded by) gluelike nonliving intercellular substances. Organs: more complex than tissues. Group of several different kinds of tissues arranged to perform special function. Organ Systems: most complex units that make up the body. Organization of varying #’s & kinds of organs arranged so together they can perform complex body functions. Ex. Respiratory System Permits air to enter body & travel to lungs, exchange O2 and CO2 Organs of respiratory system: nose, windpipe (trachea), bronchial tubes, alveoli. Functions from cellular to organ system level. Damage to cells impaired organ systems. 1 See pg 6 (fig 1-2) and pg 7 (fig 1-3) overheads notes on book pictures 2 Major Body Cavities: Ventral cavity (front - anterior) Dorsal cavity (back - posterior) Ventral Cavity: contains Thoracic Cavity (chest cavity) Mediastinum: mid-portion subdivision trachea, aorta, heart Lt & Rt pleural cavities (lateral) lungs Diaphragm: most important muscle for breathing Separates Thoracic from Abdominopelvic Cavity Abdominal Cavity (above hip bones) Liver, gallbladder, stomach, spleen, pancreas, parts of small intestine, parts of large intestine (cecum & ascending, transverse & descending colon) Pelvic Cavity (below hip bones) Sigmoid colon, rectum, urinary bladder Abdominopelvic Cavity: no physical separation between Dorsal Cavity: contains Cranial Cavity: space inside skull, contains brain Spinal Cavity: space inside spinal column, contains spinal cord Activity: Access to human body models. Find parts Structure of body changes over lifetime. Before adulthood: growth & development increasing efficiency Young adulthood: maximum efficiency/utilization After young adulthood: gradual degenerative changes Advancing age: general decrease in size/ wasting away, degenerative process- atrophy from cellular to organ system level or organization. 2 Words Used in Describing Body Structures/Locations Superior: towards head, upper, above Inferior: towards feet, lower, below (in humans) Anterior: front, in front of Posterior: back, in back of (in animals) Ventral: front Dorsal: back (dorsal fin) Medial: towards midline Lateral: towards side, away from midline Ex. great toe medial little toe lateral heart medial to lungs lungs lateral to heart Proximal: toward, nearest trunk/torso Distal: away from, farthest from truck/torso Ex. elbow proximal end of lower arm hand distal Superficial: near surface Deep: Farther from surface Ex. skin of arm superficial to muscle below humerus of arm is deep to surrounding muscle See pg 9 (fig 1-5) overhead and notes in book Abdominal Regions (9) Upper abdominal Rt. Hypochondriac Epigastric th 9 rib Middle Regions Rt. Lumbar Umbilical hip bone Lower Regions Rt. Iliac/Inguinal Hypogastric Lt. Hypochondriac Lt. Lumbar Lt. Iliac/Inguinal 3 See pg 10 (fig 1-6) overhead and notes in book Health professionals locate pain, describe location (both midsaggital and transverse pass thru umbilicus) midsaggital Rt. Upper Superior Lt Upper Superior ________________________ Rt. Lower Inferior (appendix) transverse Lt. Lower Inferior Pg 8 (fig 1-4) overhead and notes in book Planes or Body Sections Sagittal: lengthwise plane running front to back. Divides body into RT and LT sides. Midsagittal: = ½’s Coronal: lengthwise plane running from side to side. Divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back). Transverse: horizontal or crosswise plane. Divides body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior). Pg 11 (fig 1-7) Overhead and notes in book Anatomical Position: Reference position gives meaning to directional terms Body erect (standing posture) Arms at side Palms forward Supine: laying face up, arms at sides, palms up Prone: laying face down, arms at sides, palms down 4 Pg 12 (fig 1-8) overhead and notes in book Pg 13, 14 (table 1-1) Body Regions Body Regions: Use correct anatomical terms. Focus attention on specific anatomical area. Appendicular: upper extremities: arm, forearm, wrist, hand lower extremities: legs, knee, ankles, feet Axial: head, neck, torso, trunk Each major area subdivided. Ex. Torso: thoracic, abdominal, pelvic Upper extremity: arm, forearm, wrist, hand Basic Facts about Body Functions 1. Survival is body’s most important role. Each function contributes to survival. 2. Survival depends on body’s maintaining homeostasis- Relative constancy of internal environment. (w/in narrow limits, ex. pH and fluids) 3. Homeostasis: Depends on body’s ability to carry on activities. Must continually change according to environment (internal/external stimuli). Exchange materials between environment, cells, metabolize food, control all diverse activities. 4. All body functions are cellular functions. 5. Body functions related to age. Childhood: growth & development. Body functions become more efficient/effective. Young adulthood: Maximum efficiency. Late Adulthood Old age: gradually become less efficient/effective. Gradual degenerative changes, wasting. Degenerative process atrophy Developmental Process: changes & functions in early years improves function Aging Process: Functions diminish after young adulthood. Activity: Access to human body models. Find parts 5