Download Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Structure and Function of the Body

Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Structure and Function of the Body
Anatomy: study of the structure of an organism & the relationship of its
parts.
Studied thru dissection.
Physiology: study of the functions of living organisms & their parts.
Anatomical structures “designed” to perform specific functions. Size, shape,
form, position, to perform unique specialized activity.
All body functions ultimately cell functions
Structural Levels of Organization: Progress from least complex (chemical
level) to most complex (body as a whole).
See pg 4 (fig 1-1) overhead (notes on book picture)
Atoms (chemical/biochemical)MoleculesCellsTissuesOrgansOrgan Systems
Cells: smallest living units of structure and function in body (but complex)
Tissues: more complex than cells. Organization of many similar cells that
act together to perform common function. Cells held together by (&
surrounded by) gluelike nonliving intercellular substances.
Organs: more complex than tissues. Group of several different kinds of
tissues arranged to perform special function.
Organ Systems: most complex units that make up the body. Organization
of varying #’s & kinds of organs arranged so together they can perform
complex body functions.
Ex. Respiratory System
Permits air to enter body & travel to lungs, exchange O2 and CO2
Organs of respiratory system: nose, windpipe (trachea), bronchial tubes,
alveoli.
Functions from cellular to organ system level. Damage to cells  impaired
organ systems.
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See pg 6 (fig 1-2) and pg 7 (fig 1-3) overheads notes on book pictures
2 Major Body Cavities: Ventral cavity (front - anterior)
Dorsal cavity (back - posterior)
Ventral Cavity: contains
Thoracic Cavity (chest cavity)
Mediastinum: mid-portion subdivision
trachea, aorta, heart
Lt & Rt pleural cavities (lateral)
lungs
Diaphragm: most important muscle for breathing
Separates Thoracic from Abdominopelvic Cavity
Abdominal Cavity (above hip bones)
Liver, gallbladder, stomach, spleen, pancreas,
parts of small intestine, parts of large intestine
(cecum & ascending, transverse & descending
colon)
Pelvic Cavity (below hip bones)
Sigmoid colon, rectum, urinary bladder
 Abdominopelvic Cavity: no physical separation
between
Dorsal Cavity: contains
Cranial Cavity: space inside skull, contains brain
Spinal Cavity: space inside spinal column, contains spinal
cord
Activity: Access to human body models. Find parts
Structure of body changes over lifetime.
Before adulthood: growth & development increasing efficiency
Young adulthood: maximum efficiency/utilization
After young adulthood: gradual degenerative changes
Advancing age: general decrease in size/ wasting away, degenerative
process- atrophy
from cellular to organ system level or organization.
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Words Used in Describing Body Structures/Locations
Superior: towards head, upper, above
Inferior: towards feet, lower, below
(in humans)
Anterior: front, in front of
Posterior: back, in back of
(in animals)
Ventral: front
Dorsal: back (dorsal fin)
Medial: towards midline
Lateral: towards side, away from midline
Ex. great toe medial
little toe lateral
heart medial to lungs
lungs lateral to heart
Proximal: toward, nearest trunk/torso
Distal: away from, farthest from truck/torso
Ex. elbow proximal end of lower arm
hand distal
Superficial: near surface
Deep: Farther from surface
Ex. skin of arm superficial to muscle below
humerus of arm is deep to surrounding muscle
See pg 9 (fig 1-5) overhead and notes in book
Abdominal Regions (9)
Upper abdominal
Rt. Hypochondriac
Epigastric
th
9 rib
Middle Regions
Rt. Lumbar
Umbilical
hip bone
Lower Regions
Rt. Iliac/Inguinal
Hypogastric
Lt. Hypochondriac
Lt. Lumbar
Lt. Iliac/Inguinal
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See pg 10 (fig 1-6) overhead and notes in book
Health professionals locate pain, describe location
(both midsaggital and transverse pass thru umbilicus)
midsaggital
Rt. Upper
Superior
Lt Upper
Superior
________________________
Rt. Lower
Inferior
(appendix)
transverse
Lt. Lower
Inferior
Pg 8 (fig 1-4) overhead and notes in book
Planes or Body Sections
Sagittal: lengthwise plane running front to back. Divides body into RT and
LT sides.
Midsagittal: = ½’s
Coronal: lengthwise plane running from side to side. Divides body into
anterior (front) and posterior (back).
Transverse: horizontal or crosswise plane. Divides body into upper
(superior) and lower (inferior).
Pg 11 (fig 1-7) Overhead and notes in book
Anatomical Position: Reference position gives meaning to directional terms
Body erect (standing posture)
Arms at side
Palms forward
Supine: laying face up, arms at sides, palms up
Prone: laying face down, arms at sides, palms down
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Pg 12 (fig 1-8) overhead and notes in book Pg 13, 14 (table 1-1) Body Regions
Body Regions: Use correct anatomical terms. Focus attention on specific
anatomical area.
Appendicular:
upper extremities: arm, forearm, wrist, hand
lower extremities: legs, knee, ankles, feet
Axial: head, neck, torso, trunk
Each major area subdivided. Ex. Torso: thoracic, abdominal, pelvic
Upper extremity: arm, forearm, wrist, hand
Basic Facts about Body Functions
1. Survival is body’s most important role. Each function contributes to
survival.
2. Survival depends on body’s maintaining homeostasis- Relative
constancy of internal environment. (w/in narrow limits, ex. pH and
fluids)
3. Homeostasis: Depends on body’s ability to carry on activities. Must
continually change according to environment (internal/external
stimuli). Exchange materials between environment, cells, metabolize
food, control all diverse activities.
4. All body functions are cellular functions.
5. Body functions related to age.
Childhood: growth & development. Body functions become
more efficient/effective.
Young adulthood: Maximum efficiency.
Late Adulthood  Old age: gradually become less
efficient/effective.
Gradual degenerative changes, wasting. Degenerative
process atrophy
Developmental Process: changes & functions in early years improves
function
Aging Process: Functions diminish after young adulthood.
Activity: Access to human body models. Find parts
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