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Ancient Greece Geography of Greece - Mountainous Land by the Sea ◦ Many ancient civilizations formed near rivers, while the Ancient Greeks settled in a mountainous land of deep valleys and rugged highlands, known as the Balkan Peninsula ◦ Little land is suitable for farming and the mountains divided the people of Ancient Greece ◦ Greece includes several islands in the Aegean Sea, which separates Greece from the western Asian border, known as Asia Minor ◦ Greece is surrounded by large seas, which linked its people to many different cultures of the Ancient world ◦ Contains a long coastline with many bays and inlets with excellent harbors, resulting in Greeks becoming excellent sailors and traders ◦ The rich soil and mild climate were perfect for raising animals and growing Greece’s main crops – grapes, olives, and grains like barley ◦ Trade allowed Greek ideas to spread to other cultures and allowed the Greeks to learn about other cultures – from this exchange, the Greeks adopted their alphabet and began using coins for money Independent Greek City-States Divided by Mountains ◦ Uniting the country was difficult because of the mountainous terrain ◦ The different communities spoke the same language and shared the same religion ◦ Smaller communities grew into city-states that operated independently of one another ◦ Climate in Greece is extremely mild ◦ Most rainfall occurs in the cooler winter months and the summers are hot and dry ◦ Agoras were popular outdoor markets where many Greeks spent their time ◦ Women filled their pots with water in public fountains ◦ Men shopped the marketplace ◦ Statues of local athletes, politicians and some gods and goddesses were placed here ◦ Greeks watched plays in open-air theaters ◦ Political meetings and athletics took place outdoors Two of the Earliest Greek Civilizations ◦ Crete ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ An island in the Aegean Sea People settled on the island by the year 2500 BC Developed a written language Learned to weave cloth and make pottery and jewelry Known as the Minoan civilization – after King Minos ◦ Held dangerous bull-jumping shows ◦ Minoans were wealthy from trade, as they controlled trade among all of the islands in the Aegean Sea and the cities on the coast of the Ionian Sea ◦ By 1600 BC, the Minoans were influential to the Aegean islands and the part of the Greek peninsula called Peloponnesus ◦ Around 2000 BC, people migrated to the Greek mainland and the communities grew into cities ◦ Mycenae ◦ Greatest of the early Greek city-states, as it replaced Crete as the center of civilization in the eastern Mediterranean ◦ 20 feet thick walls protected the city ◦ Mycenaean ships often captured ships of other cities and plundered them of their valuables Ancient Greek Mythology Daily life focused on keeping the ancient Greek gods and goddesses happy Troy was a city in the western coast of Asia Minor and its famous war, the Trojan War, is a mix of both legend and myth o Myths are stories that are based on the gods and goddesses o Helen was taken from Sparta o Homer was a blind poet who composed The Iliad and the Odyssey based on the Trojan War Before writing these poems, they were a part of oral tradition – the stories were passed down by word of mouth Greeks worshipped many gods and goddesses and used myths to understand the mysteries of nature and life, such as birth, death, storms, disease, and battles Greeks believed that most gods lived on Mount Olympus in northern Greece Greek gods acted and looked like humans, but were immortal, or able to live forever, and had special powers The Olympics were held every four years in honor of Zeus, the king of the gods o Boxing, wrestling, running and other athletic competitions were held o Greeks began competing in the Olympics about 3,500 years ago Democracy Begins in Greece Some city-states of Greece had kings that ruled and others were controlled by wealthy families, a form of government known as an aristocracy Around 500 BC, a democracy was formed, which is a government by the people o Greeks believed their people could act and think for themselves, allowing them to rule themselves better than a king could o Athens was the best example of a Greek democracy It was at first governed by all citizens over 18 years of age, known as the Assembly Once the Assembly grew too large, they elected 500 citizens to serve on a council for 1 year by using lots, or sticks with numbers Democracy was limited only to citizens, women, slaves and workers born outside of Athens were not considered citizens They could not vote, own property or testify in court Rival City-States: Athens and Sparta Citizens of Athens had responsibilities in return for their rights o Defend the city in times of conflict o Take part in juries and political debates on important issues o Pericles was one of the greatest leaders in Athens “We do not say that a man who takes no interest in politics is a man who minds his own business; we say that he has no business here at all.” Ordered building projects, such as the Parthenon, with money set aside for defense against the Persians, bringing criticism from Sparta as well as Athenians Sparta was a city-state in southern Greece and was, in many ways, opposite of Athens o Strictly ruled military state that invaded neighboring city-states and took over land and forced the locals to become helots, or slaves o Life centered around the army o Government officials examined newborns to determine if they were healthy, and if they were not, they would not be allowed to live o At 7 years of age, Spartan boys were sent to military camps to begin brutal training for a lifetime of service in the army and given little food and clothing, expected to survive by stealing what they needed o Spartan women were expected to be strong and responsible They ran, wrestled, and played sports They had to support their sons and husbands in the army and rarely saw them Spartan women had more independence and spent most of their time together They could own property and express their opinions on important issues They managed the family’s estate and business while they were away at war Spartan women could still not take part in the government Golden Age of Athens While Athens grew more powerful, Persia was the strongest military power in the world Persia attacked the Greek mainland in 490 BC with a large army, where they clashed with the Greek army on a plain, northeast of Athens, called Marathon o Pheidippides ran approximately 26.2 miles back to Athens with news of this Greek victory against the Persians, which inspired the longest Olympic race, named the marathon o The Greeks knew that the Persians would attack again with a larger army, so Sparta and Athens put their own differences aside to prepare to fight the Persians again o In 480 BC, a Greek army that included 300 Spartans held off a much larger Persian army for three days at a mountain pass north of Athens o At the naval Battle of Salamis in 480 BC, Athenian ships trapped and destroyed the Persian fleet, soon ending the Persian invasion Athens entered the Golden Age in 479 BC after defeating the Persians o Athens built great temples in honor of their gods o Athenian artists created sculptures and monuments o Greek philosophers searched for truth and knowledge Socrates, Plato and Aristotle searched for beauty and order in the world Tried to find natural laws to explain actions in the world Followers of these philosophers developed a deep respect for reason, or logical thinking, rather than believing that worldly events occur because of the gods o Greek physicians were among the first to study the causes of illnesses and disease, rather than blaming it on the anger of the gods Greeks Fight Against Each Other Athens became the most powerful Greek city-state during the Golden Age Athenian leaders formed an alliance called the Delian League and forced other city-states to join the league o Used its funds to build public buildings in Athens o Generals began interfering in the affairs of other city-states, making them angry and resentful Sparta became the leading city-state to fight against Athens and war began in 431 BC between the two city-states, known as the Peloponnesian War o Athens was a great naval power o Sparta was a great land power Spartans and their allies destroyed farms nearby Athens to try to starve its people in surrendering Athenian navy was able to get food from other sources A plague, or a quickly spreading and often fatal disease, broke out in Athens, killing thousands of its people, including its leader, Pericles Athenian government became unstable after Pericles’ death and in 404 BC, Athens finally surrendered Decline of Greek City-States By the end of the Peloponnesian War, Greece struggled with unemployment The brother of the king of Persia rebelled against the king and many Greek men joined his army as mercenaries, or hired soldiers Athens was later able to gain strength in trade after many years of war and disease Plato and Aristotle taught and wrote during this time Even Sparta weakened from war and was defeated in battle against the city of Thebes Macedonia began to rise to power in northern Greece while its army grew and strengthened and became a threat to Greek city-states in the south Alexander the Great Alexander the Great became the king of Macedonia in 332 BC Two years after he gained power, he began to invade the Persian Empire o Defeated much larger Persian armies in multiple battles o Conquered Syria and Phoenicia o Invaded Egypt in 332 BC, where Persians had been ruling for 200 years Became pharaoh of Egypt Alexander’s army won against a much larger Persian army one last time in 331 BC o After this last victory, he led his army east into the mountains of India and after 5 years of marching, it ended with exhaustion during the monsoon season o Alexander began to lead his army back to Greece, but fell ill and died before they could return at only 33 years of age During Alexander’s rule of only 13 years, he created a large empire in Europe, Asia and Africa o Founded new cities, such as Alexandria in Egypt o Spread Greek culture to conquered lands and adopted many Asian ways Hellenistic Age – the new civilization that developed from a blend of Greek and Asian cultures o After Alexander’s death, a power struggle began and after fighting ended, three of his generals divided the empire among themselves o Hellenistic culture then expanded for 300 years over a large part of Europe, northern Africa and western Asia o New Greek cities were founded in all parts of this empire These cities became centers of Greek culture and adopted Greek laws Public buildings were built in Greek style Trade grew between the Hellenistic cities and distant parts of the world People began to read the works of Homer and other Greek writers Alexandria, Egypt became the center of trade and education and included more than one million people of Egyptian, Greek, Persian and Sudanese descent The harbor became the busiest in the ancient world The library is considered the greatest ancient library in the world Discoveries and Inventions Greek science and mathematics reached their peaks during the Hellenstic Age Doctors in Alexandria made discoveries about how the human body works Hippocrates o Doctor who searched for natural causes of disease o Often called the father of medicine o Stressed the importance of diet and lifestyle for good health Archimedes o Most famous inventor of the time Invented the pulley for moving heavy loads Described how levers worked Made discoveries about floating objects o Important mathematician Built on the work of Pythagoras and Euclid Pythagoras developed theories about numbers and music o Pythangorean theorem Euclid worked out the system of plane geometry still studied today o Began a school that studied ideas that led to the field of geometry