Download Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Plantae
Plant Characteristics
• Eukaryotic
• Multicellular
• Cell walls made of cellulose
• Develop from multicellular embryos
• Carry out photosynthesis
• Contain chlorophyll a & b
• Reproduce by alternation of
generations
Plant Adaptations to Land
Problems:
• Need minerals
•
•
•
•
Solutions:
• Roots absorb H2O &
minerals
• Lignin & cellulose in cell
Gravity
walls
Increase in
• Vascular Transport
Height for Light System
Adaptations for • Waxy cuticle &
Drier
stomata with guard
environment
cells
• Pollen containing sperm
Reproduction
Parts of a Leaf
What do plants need to survive?
O2
CO2
Plant Evolution
• First plants evolved from organisms
similar to today’s multicellular green
algae.(from kingdom protista)
Bryophytes
• Life cycle that depends on water so
the sperm can swim to the egg.
• Lack vascular tissue, so they obtain
water through osmosis (this limits
their height)
• Includes mosses, liverworts, &
hornworts
Tracheophytes: seedless
vascular plants
• Includes club mosses, horsetails and ferns
• Tracheid: new cell type that specializes in
water transport.
-Hollow cells with thick walls that resist pressure.
• Xylem: primary fluid transport
• Phloem: transport nutrients and carbs
Tracheophytes
• Seedless vascular plants
• Contain xylem & phloem (vascular
tissue)
– Xylem – carries water up from the roots
– Phloem – transports products of
photosynthesis
Tracheophytes
• Have roots, stems, and leaves with
veins
• Include club mosses, horsetails, and
ferns.
• Ferns have rhizomes & fronds with
sori
– Rhizomes – fern stems
– Fronds – fern leaves
– Sori – fern spores
Spermatophytes
• Seed Plants
• Have adaptations that allow them to
reproduce without water
– Flowers or cones
– Transfer of sperm by pollination
– Protection of embryos in seeds
• Two types:
– Gymnosperms
– Angiosperms
Gymnosperms
• Bear their seeds directly on the
surface of cones
• Means “naked seeds”
• Include conifers, ginkgo, cycads, and
gnetophytes
Angiosperms
• Flowering plants
• Bear seeds within ovaries which
surround and protect the seed.
• Two types:
– Monocot
– Dicot
Monocots
• All monocots have the following
characteristics:
–
–
–
–
Single cotyledon – seed leaf
Parallel veins
Flower petals in multiples of 3
Vascular tissue scattered throughout the
stem
– Fibrous roots
Dicots
• All dicots have the following
characteristics:
–
–
–
–
–
Double cotyledon seeds
Branched veins
Flower petals in multiples of 4 or 5
Vascular tissue arranged in a ring
Taproot
Angiosperm Life Spans
• Annuals – complete life cycle in one
growing season
• Biennials – complete life cycle in two
years
– First year: grow roots, short stems and
sometimes leaves
– Second year: grow new stems, leaves,
produce flowers and seeds
• Perennials – live many years
Plant Structure
• Flower
– Male reproductive structures - Stamen
– Female reproductive structures - Carpal
Root Function
• Anchor plant to the ground
• Absorb water and dissolved nutrients
from the soil
– Water – through root pressure
– Nutrients – through active transport
Types of Roots
Fibrous: root formed in bundles where it is
not possible to determine the primary root.
Cauline: roots that shoot from the stem.
Tubercular: root in the form of a tubercle.
Taproot: root that grows vertically into the
earth.
Plant Growth
• Most plants grow and produce new
cells at the tips of their roots and
stems for as long as they live.
– Meristematic tissue – cluster of tissue
responsible for continuing growth
throughout the plant’s lifetime.