Download Plant Book of Notes

 Multi-cellular Eukaryotes
 Cell Wall
 Chlorophyll for
photosynthesis
 ALGAE
 Mosses
 Ferns
 Gymnosperms
Cone bearing
 Angiosperms
Flowering plants
 Become less dependent on water
 More resistant to sun rays
 More capable of conserving
water
 More capable of reproducing
without water
 Life cycle depends on water for reproduction
 NO SEEDS
 Hornworts, liverworts & mosses
 SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS
 Ferns, horsetails, club mosses
 Vascular
 SEEDS
(In CONES)
 Conifers, Douglas
firs
 Vascular
 Bear Seeds
(within Flowe
 All Vascular Consist of:
Roots
Stems
Leaves
 Dermal
 Vascular
 Xylem –
tracheids &
vessels
elements
 Phloem – sieve
tube elements
& companion
cells
 Ground
 Tap Root (ex: carrot)

Fibrous Root (ex: grass)
 Roots grow from the cells at the tip which
are continuously dividing through mitosis.
 Support of Leaves,
Fruits & Flowers
 Place the leaves in
the light
 Provide a place for
the plant to keep its
flowers and fruits.
 Transport of fluids
between the roots
and the shoots in
the xylem and
phloem.
 Site of photosynthesis
 Chloroplast is the
organelle that houses
the green pigment
chlorophyll
 Place of Transpiration
and Respiration
 Consists of 2 parts:
 Blade
 Petiole
 basic energy source of cells
 Transpiration – loss of
water through leaves
 Guard Cells – Change the
size of the stomata to
control amount of water
released.

This takes place in
STOMATA which is a
pore-like opening
 Take place in
CONES
 Pollen Cones –
MALE
(produce male
gametophyte)
 Seed Cones –
FEMALE
(produce female
gametophyte)
 Pollination happens
when the pollen is
RELEASED from male
 Fertilization happens
when the pollen grains
land near ovule
Monocots
Dicots
Seeds
Single Cotyledon
Two Cotyledon
Leaves
Parallel Veins
Branched Veins
Flower
Multiples of 3
Multiples of 4 or 5
Stems
Vascular –
bundled/scattered
Vascular – Bundled on
ring
Roots
Fibrous
Tap Root
 Pollination happens when POLLEN lands on
STIGMA
 Fertilization happens when 1 pollen grain divides
to make TWO (2) sperm nuclei
 1 sperm nuclei = fertilizes the EGG
 2nd sperm nuclei = fertilizes with the 2 polar
nuclei to make TRIPLOID ENDOSPERM
 Fruit – any seed that is
enclosed within its
embryo wall
 Hormones – control of plants pattern of growth &
development & plant response
 Auxins (3) – stimulate cell elongation
 Cytokinins (2) – stimulate cell development & growth of
lateral buds, cause dormant seeds to sprout
 Gibberillins (1) –dramatic increase in size, part in stem &
fruit
 Ethylene (1) – stimulate to ripen
 Gravitropism – response to gravity
 Phototropism – response to light
 Thigmotropism – response to touch
 Photoperiodism – response to light & darkness
 Winter dormancy – photosynthetic pathway turned off
 Leaf abscission – losing leaves during colder months
 Early growth stage
of plant embryo
 Steps:
1. Absorbs water
2. Seeds open from
swollen tissue
3. Young root
emerges & grows
 Vegetative
Reproduction
 Includes production
of new plants from
horizontal stems, from
planters &
underground roots
 Benefits: doesn’t
involve pollination
 2 methods:
horizontal stems,
planters &
underground roots
 Plant Propagation – horticulturist use cutting,
grafting or budding to make identical copies of a
plant
 BENEFITS - produce offspring from seedless
plants
 3 FORMS –
 Cutting – cut from plant, place in special soil
 Grafting – stem out from parent, placed on plant
that has stable root for a strong root system
 Budding – buds used to place on stock
 3 ways plants adapt to
life in water
Seeds that float
2. Grow quick
3. Shoots grow above
water
1.
 Submerged in Water:
 No Cuticles to Prevent Water Loss
 Reduced Roots
 Chloroplasts are restricted to the upper portions
 Salty Conditions:
 Specialized cells that pump salt out
 Desert Plants:
 Extensive roots
 Reduced leaves
 Thick stems
 Poor Soil:
 Carnivores
 Parasites
 Growth on other plants
 Shade Tolerance and a
way of extracting
nutrients
 Fight Insects
 Defend themselves
against insects attack by
manufacturing
compounds that have
powerful effects on
animals