Download Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Plantae
I. Characteristics
* Eukaryotic
* Multicellular
* Autotrophic
II. Special adaptations
a. Cuticle - waxy coating to
protect from UV light and prevent desication
(drying out).
b. Alternation of generatons 1/2 life as diploid (sporophyte), 1/2 life as a
haploid (gametophyte).
c. Vascular system Veins allow for more specialization in
tissues (leaves)
1. Xylem - water transport 
2. Phloem - food transport 
d. Pollen (sperm) is specially
adapted to reach egg.
a. tail on primative plants
b. coatings on advanced.
e. Eggs are protected in ovary.
f. Specialized leaves or growing
seasons to minimize waterloss during harsh seasons or
in harsh climates.
III. Parts of Higher Plants
A. Roots
1. Function:
a. Anchor plant
b. Absorb water
c. Store food
2. Types:
1.
2.
a. Tap - 1 main root
b. Fibrous -many roots
Longitudinal section of a root:
root hairs
zone of maturation
zone of enlargement
zone of cell division
root cap
Cross section of a root:
1. Epidermis - outer layer, from
which root hairs develop. Absorb
water, protect underlying tissue.
2. Cortex - Stores water and food.
Large, irregularly shaped cells.
3. Pericycle - Layer of cells just
inside of the endodermis, from
which branch roots are produced.
4. Endodermis - (Casparian strip)
Thick walled cells which prevents
water leakage to inner cells.
5. Xylem - Vascular cells made of tracheids
(conducting cells) & vessels (thin tubes)
which carries water .
6. Phloem - Vascular cells made of
companion cells & sieve tubes, which
transport food .
B. Stems
1. Function:
a. Transport water and food
b. Produce / support leaves & flowers
c. Food Storage
2. Types
a. Monocotyledon –
1 seed leaf
Phloem
Xylem
Herbaceous stem
(primary tissue, no bark, limited size)
b. Dicotyledon –
2 Seed leaves
Mature Woody Stem
Immature Woody stem
Memory Technique for
Monocot & Dicot stems:
Monocot – Monster, cookie monster eats choc. chip cookies.
Vascular bundles are arranged like chips in choc. chip cookies.
Dicot – Dial, old rotary phones have dials.
Vascular bundles are arranged like the dial on a rotary phone.
C. Leaves
A. Function
1. Photosynthesis
2. Temperature Regulation
3. Transpiration
B. Parts
Blade – Wide, flat section
Petiole – Stalk
C. Structure
Cuticle
Epidermis
Palisade Parenchyma
Spongy Mesophyll
Vascular Bundle
Stomata
1. E
pidermis – Outer skin. Thick cells
(cutin), lack chloroplasts. Protect
underlying tissues.
2. Stomata – Pores regulated by guard
cells. Serve as passageways for gas
exchange.
3. Mesophyll – Palisade Parenchyma &
Spongy Mesophyll are packed
chloroplasts and are the site of
photosynthesis and transpiration.
4. Cuticle – Waxy coating on top surface
of leaf. Protects underlying tissues,
blocks UV rays.
D. Flowers
1. Function:
a. Sexual Reproduction (pollination)
2. Structure:
a. Pistil – female
b. Stamen - male
Pistil
IV. Fertilization
- When the ovule is ready for
fertilization, it’s “Mother cell”
(Megaspore) goes through meiosis and
then mitosis to yield 8 nuclei. 1 of
these matures in the egg sac and
becomes the egg cell
- Pollen in the anter is formed when it’s
mother cell divides by meiosis into 4
pollen grains.
- When a pollen grain lands on the
stigma, it’s cell divides by mitosis to
form 2 nuclei. The tube nuclei directs
growth of the pollen tube down to the
ovule pore (micropyle) and into the
ovule. The other nuclei divides to
form 2 sperm nuclei. Once in the
ovule, one sperm nuclei fertilizes the
egg to form a zygote.
V. Plant Classification –
A. Division/Phylum – Bryophyta
-Non-vascular, seedless
-Haploid is dominant stage
(gametophyte)
- Sexual reproduction:
Antheridium –Male
Archegonium – Female
No seeds, spores produced from a
sporophyte (diploid), needs water.
No roots, no stems, no leaves.
Ex. Moss & Liverworts
B. Division/Phylum Tracheophyta
- Vascular, seedless plants
- True roots, stems, and leaves
- Diploid dominant (sporophyte)
- Sexual reproduction, spore grows into
diploid.
1. Subivision/Subphylum
Lycophyta (Lycopsida)
main source for oil and coal
In forests of PA
Ex. Club Moss (Lycopodium)
2. Subdivision / Subphylum Spenophyta
- Grows along streams
- Cell walls contain Silica
- Used by native America for scouring
tools.
- Gametophyte is “Prothallus”
Ex. Horsetail (Equisetum)
3. Subdivision / Subphylum Pterophyta
- Clone via Rhizomes (underground stems
which shoots off new ferns)
- “Sori” - spore clusters
- Prothallus is haploid
Ex. Ferns
4. Subdivision / Subphylum Psilopsida
- Dissagreement among botanists: All are
extinct or there are 2 species remaining.
- Simple bodies, branched stem, no roots,
nodules instead of leaves.
Ex. Psilotum
5. Subdivision / Subphylum Spermopsida
- Vascular, Seeded plants
- Reproduction do not require water.
- True seeds
a. Class Gymnospermae (Naked Seed)
- Cone bearers
- Also called Coniferophyta
- Woody plants, primarily evergreens,
needle-like.
- See develop in cone
Microsporophylls = male cones
Macrosporophylls = female cones
Ex. Pine, Spruce, Fir, Cedar, Yew, Douglas
Fir, Larch
b. Class Angiosperms (Flowering Plants)
-Flower is reproductive part which
encloses sex organs.
Stamen – male
Pistil – female
-Seeds develop in ovary, which
usually forms fruit.
Ex. Sunflower, rose, dandelion, orange,
corn, oak