Download 第二章 主要理论 Major Perspectives

第二章 主要理论
Major Perspectives
Medical Psychology
• 精神分析理论
The Theory of Psychoanalysis
• 行为主义理论
The Theory of Psychological behaviorism
• 人本主义理论
The Theory of Humanistic Psychology
• 认知理论
The Theory of Psychological Cognition
The Theory of
Psychoanalysis
• 潜意识理论
(Unconsciousness theory）
• 人格结构理论
（Structures of personality）
• 性欲发展阶段理论
（Psychosexual stages）
• 心理防御机制理论
（Defense mechanisms）
• 释梦理论
（Dream interpretation）
决定论的观点
• 严格的决定论者：所有的行为都有原因，
行动以及思想和感觉都不会偶然发生
• 精神分析的作用及方法：在隐藏的驱力和
冲突中寻找思想、感觉和行动的来源，以
及考察个体早期经验与基本的人类本质交
互作用以产生成人个性的方式
Mental Structure of Psychoanalysis
• 意识 （Conscious）
包括存在于可以立即觉察到的水平的东西意识
• 潜意识（Unconscious）
包括我们没有觉察到的心理活动的所有方面
• 前意识（Preconscious）
许多思想和主意在我们对它们集中注意时或企
图将它们带入意识水平时就会得到，但其并不
总是处于意识水平
Key Words
• Unconscious
A part of the personality of which a person is
unaware. The unconscious contains instinctual
drives: infantile wishes, desires, demands, and
needs that are hidden from conscious awareness
because of the conflicts and pain they would
cause us if they were part of our everyday life.
• Preconscious
The memories or feelings that are not part of
one's immediate awareness but that can be
recalled through conscious effort.
Personality Structure
•
本我 （ Id ）“Pleasure principle”
•
自我 （Ego） “Reality principle”
•
超我 （Superego） “Principle of ideal”
Key Words
• Id
The raw, unorganized, inherited part of personality
whose purpose is to reduce tension created by
biological drives and irrational impulses. Present
from the time of birth, the sole purpose of the id is to
reduce tension created by primitive drives related to
hunger, sex, aggression and irrational impulses. The
id operates according to the pleasure principle, in
which the goal is the immediate reduction of tension
and the maximization of satisfaction.
Key Words
• Ego
The part of personality that provides a buffer
between the id and the outside world. In contrast
to the pleasure-seeking nature of the id, the ego
operates according to the reality principle, in
which instinctual energy is restrained in order to
maintain the safety of the individual and help
integrate the person into society.
Key Words
• Superego
The part of personality that represents the
morality of society as presented by parents,
teachers, and others. The superego actually
has two components, the conscience and
the ego-ideal. The conscience prevents us
from doing morally bad things, while the
ego-ideal motivates us to do what is morally
proper.
Psychosexual stages & oedipus complex
• 口腔期（oral stage）
• 肛门期（anal stage）
• 性器期（phallic phase）
• 潜伏期（Latency stage）
• 生殖器性期（Genital stage）
Oral phase(0-2 years old)
• Freud’s first stage of personality development,
from birth to about age 2, during which infants
obtain gratification primarily through the mouth
• 口腔是第一个给予婴儿快感的身体器官，通过
口腔获得维持生命的营养，还通过吸吮和啃咬
获得快感
• 固着：部分利必多能量分配给了对前一个心理
性阶段的注意，没有转到后一个发展阶段
• 过食、酗酒、强迫性吸烟、咬铅笔/手指、冷嘲
热讽
Anal phase(2-3 years old)
• Freud’s second stage of personality
development, from about 2 to about age
3, during which children learn to control
the immediate gratification they obtain
through defecation and to become
responsible to the demands of society
• 肛门是这一时期的性快感带，对大便的保
留和排泄引起快感的推迟及满足，通过攻
击行为和排泄功能获得满足
• 肛门性格：吝啬、固执、对整洁和秩序过分注意
Phallic phase(3-5 years old)
• Freud’s third stage of personality development,
from about age 3 to about age 5, during which
children obtain gratification primarily from the
genitals
• 生殖器区是这一时期主要的性感带
• 俄底普斯情结（oedipus complex）
Occurring during the phallic stage, feelings of
rivalry with the parent of the same sex and love
of the parent of the opposite sex, ultimately
resolved through identification with the parent
of the same
• 阉割焦虑（castration anxiety）/阴茎妒忌
（penis envy）
• 认同（identity）
• 同性恋
Defense Mechanism
• 三种焦虑：现实焦虑（环境）、神经焦虑
（本能）、道德焦虑（道德）
• 心理防御机制（mental defense mechanism）
是指个体处在挫折与冲突的情景时，在其
内部心理活动中具有对抗焦虑的一种适应
性倾向，是一种潜意识的心理保护机制
Key Words
• Defense mechanism
Unconscious strategies people use to
reduce anxiety by concealing its source
from themselves and others.
• 心理防御机制与心理健康的关系
• 常见心理防御机制的表现
压抑（Repression）
The primary defense mechanism, in which
unacceptable or unpleasant id impulses are
pushed back into the unconscious. For
example, a college student who feels
hatred for her mother might repress
these personally and socially unacceptable
feelings
• 倒退/退行（Regression）
People behave as if they were at an earlier stage
of development. For example, a student who is
overwhelmed by exams might act in a childish,
immature manner to escape his responsibilities
• 转移（Displacement）
The expression of an unwanted feeling or thought
is redirected from a more threatening, powerful
person to a weak one. A classic case is yelling at
one’s secretary after being criticized by the
boss
• 合理化（Rationalization）
A distortion of reality in which a person
justifies what happens. For example, a
person who is passed over for an award
says she didn’t really want it in the first
place
• 否认（Denial）
Refusal to accept or acknowledge an
anxiety-producing piece of information.
For example, a student refuses to believe
that he has flunked a course
• 投射（Projection）
Attributing unwanted impulses and feelings to
someone else. For example, a man who is anger
at his father acts lovingly to his father but
complains that his father is angry with him
• 升华（Sublimation）
Diversion of unwanted impulses into socially
approved thoughts, feelings or behaviors.
For example, a person with strong feelings
of aggression becomes a soldier
Dream Interpretation
• 梦是有意义的心理现象，是个体愿望迂回的满足，是
潜意识冲突和愿望的隐晦的表达。
• 显梦（manifest dream）
The overt story line, characters, and setting of
a dream---the obvious, clearly discernible
events of the dream
• 隐梦（latent dream）
The deeper meaning of a dream, usually
involving symbolism, hidden content, and
repressed or obscured ideas and wishes
述评
The Theory of Psychological
Behaviorism
• 经典条件反射
Classical conditioning
• 操作条件反射
Operant conditioning
• 社会学习/观察模仿
Social learning
/Observational learning
Classical Conditioning
• 巴甫洛夫 Pavlov's experiment
• 无条件刺激 (Unconditioned stimulus /US )
• 无条件反射 (Unconditioned reflex /UR)
• 条件刺激 (Conditioned stimulus /CS)
• 条件反射 (Conditioned reflex/ CR)
Characteristics of Classical
Conditioning
• 强化 （Reinforcement）
• 泛化（Generalization）
• 分化（Discrimination）
• 消退（Extinction）
Key Words
• Reinforcement
The process by which a stimulus increases the
probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated.
• Stimulus generalization
The transfer of a learned response to different but
similar stimuli.
• Stimulus discrimination
Learning to respond to only one stimulus and to inhibit
the response to all other stimuli.
• Extinction
A decrease in the strength or frequency, or stopping, of a
learned response because of failure to continue paring
the US and CS or withholding of reinforcement.
Operant conditioning
• 斯金纳 Skinner's experiment
• 奖赏 （Reward）
Characteristics of Operant
Conditioning
• 正强化 （Positive reinforcement）
• 负强化 （Negative reinforcement）
• 消退 （Extinction）
• 惩罚 （Punishment）
Key Words
• Positive reinforcement
Presentation of a rewarding or pleasant stimulus
after a particular response to increase the
likelihood that the response will recur.
• Negative reinforcement
Removal of an aversive stimulus after a
particular response to increase the likelihood
that the response will recur.
• Punishment
A stimulus that follows a behavior and decreases
the likelihood that the behavior will be
repeated.
Observatioanl Learning
• 班杜拉 Bandura
• 基本机制：
• 替代过程（vicarious process）
• 认知过程（cognitive process）
• 自我调节过程（self-regulatory process）
述评
The Theory of Humanistic
Psychology