Download fjcl state latin forum 2007

2007 FJCL State Latin Forum
Advanced Grammar
N.B. There are NO macrons on this test.
I. Choose the word that does NOT belong grammatically.
1.
a. velim
b. malim
c. turrim
d. possim
Answer: c
Reason: a, b, and d are all verbs; c is a noun
Analysis:
a: velim is the 1st, singular, present, subjunctive, active of volo.
b: malim is the 1st, singular, present, subjunctive, active of malo.
c: turrim is the accusative, singular of turris, turris, f. tower
d: possim is the 1st, singular, present, subjunctive, active of possum.
All three come from irregular verbs. Here are the present subjunctives of the seven most
common irregular verbs:
sum
possum
volo
malo
nolo
fero
eo
sim
possim
velim
malim
nolim
feram
eam
sis
possis
velis
malis
nolis
feras
eas
sit
possit
velit
malit
nolit
ferat
eat
simus
possimus
velimus
malimus
nolimus
feramus
eamus
sitis
possitis
velitis
malitis
nolitis
feratis
eatis
sint
possint
velint
malint
nolint
ferant
eant
Notice that fero forms like a regular, third-conjugation verb; and eo forms like a regular,
second-conjugation verb.
Four other nouns that have –im for the accusative, singular instead of the usual –em:
puppis, puppis, f. ship
sitis, sitis, f. thirst
securis, securis, f. ax
tussis, tussis, f. cough
2.
a. ruri
b. domo
c. Athenis
d. Sardibus
Answer: b
Reason: a, c, and d are all in the locative case; b is dative or ablative case
Analysis: a, b, and d: The locative case is used to indicate “place where” and is found primarily
with the names of cities, towns and small islands (islands small enough that the one city on it IS
the island). The forms for the locative are the same as the genitive in the first and second
declensions singular and the same as the ablative in the third declension singular. Towns (like
Athens, Athenae) whose form is plural take their locative forms from the ablative plural in all
declensions (Athenis, in this case). Other locative forms are: domi (“at home”), humi (“on the
ground”), belli (“at war”), militiae (“at war”), and ruri (“in the countryside”). Note: belli and
militiae appear regularly in combination with domi to mean “at home and abroad.”
3.
a. eminere
b. abutere
c. sequere
d. utere
Answer: a
Reason: b, c, and d are all imperative forms from deponent verbs; c is a present, active infinitive
from a normal verb
Analysis:
a: eminere is the present, active infinitive of emineo.
b: abutere is the present, active imperative of abutor.
c: sequere is the present, active imperative of sequor.
d: utere is the present, active imperative of utor.
To get this question right, you have to know the dictionary entries of the items, and you
have to be able to recognize that b, c, and d are deponent. There is a list of deponent verbs on the
Grammar page of the WSHSLATIN wiki.
Secondly, it is very useful to know all of the imperative forms for all verbs.
Present Imperatives
Future Imperatives
Active Voice
Passive Voice
Active Voice
Passive Voice
Sing.
Pl.
Sing.
Pl.
Sing.
Pl.
Sing.
Pl.
amo,
ama
amate
amare
amamini
amato
amatote
amator
----amare
amato
amanto
amator
amantor
habeo,
habe
habete habere habemini habeto habetote habetor
----habere
habeto habento habetor habentor
rego,
rege
regite
regere
regimini
regito
regitote
regitor
----regere
regito
regunto
regitor
reguntor
capio,
cape
capite
capere capimini
capito
capitote
capitor
----capere
capito capiunto capitor capiuntor
audio,
audi
audite
audire audimini
audito
auditote auditor
----audire
audito audiunto auditor audiuntor
On the chart above, the present imperatives are all second person; the future imperatives
are second person (top) and third person (bottom). Deponent verbs, of course, only have the
passive spellings.
4.
a. plus
b. minus
c. maius
d. peius
Answer: a
Reason: b, c, and d are comparative adjectives (or adverbs); a is a neuter noun.
Analysis:
a: plus is the nominative or accusative singular of plus, pluris, n. more
b: minus is the nominative or accusative singular neuter comparative adjective (or
comparative adverb)
c: maius is the nominative or accusative singular neuter comparative adjective (or
comparative adverb)
d: peius is the nominative or accusative singular neuter comparative adjective (or
comparative adverb)
To get this question right, you have to know the irregular comparative adjectives. There
is a chart of irregular comparatives on the Grammar page of the WSHSLATIN wiki.
5.
a. restat
b. accidit
c. iuvat
d. evenit
Answer: c
Reason: a, b, and d are impersonal verbs; iuvat is not impersonal. NOTE: This is the reason
given on the key from the 2007 State Latin Forum. In my opinion, the person who wrote
this item either did not know that iuvat could be used impersonally or wanted to test
whether the contestants knew that a, b, and d usually function impersonally (although all
can function normally) while c usually functions normally (although it can function
impersonally).
Analysis: To get this question right, you have to know something about impersonal verbs. There
is a presentation about them on the Grammar page of the WSHSLATIN wiki.
6.
a. pendo
b. cingo
c. fallo
d. cano
Answer: b
Reason: a, c, and d have reduplicated perfect forms; b forms its perfect with a consonant change.
Analysis: To get this question right, you have to know something about trends in formation of the
perfect stem. Check with the Grammar page of the WSHSLATIN wiki for discussion of
perfect stems and for a list of the most common reduplicated perfects.
7.
a. capito
b. ferto
c. tecto
d. fugito
Answer: c
Reason: a, b, and d are frequentative verbs; c is not. NOTE: This is the reason given on the key
from the 2007 State Latin Forum. Although this reason is incorrect, the answer is correct.
In reality, what a, b, and d have in common is that they are future imperative forms while
c is not. See the discussion under question 3 (above) for information about future
imperative forms.
Analysis: To get this question right, you have to know something about verb suffixes. There are
two common verb suffixes that create two distinctive classes of verbs:
(1) –sco creates a class of verbs called either inceptive or inchoative verbs. Examples:
nosco (come to know), calesco (become warm), concupisco (develop a desire for),
mitesco (become mild), proficiscor begin to go forward, i.e., set out), vesperascit (it is
getting late). All of these verbs talk about something beginning or currently in progress.
For that reason, they tend to drop the –sco suffix in the perfect tense, since those tenses
denote completed action—the exact opposite of the concept that the –sco suffix conveys.
(2) –ito (sometimes –to or –so) creates a class of verbs called either intensive, iterative, or
freqentative verbs. They govern the concepts of forcible action (like iacto) repeated
action (like curso), or repeated attempts (like capto and vendito). Examples: capto [from
capio, “catch, seize”] (try to catch, keep reaching for), curso [from curro, “run”] (run
continuously), iacto [from iacio, “toss”] (hurl), vendito [from vendo, “sell”] (try to sell).
8.
a. huc
b. eo
c. quoquo
d. aliunde
Answer: d
Reason: a, b, and c are all adverbs having the concept of “to”; d is an adverb which has the
concept of “from.”
Analysis: To get this question right, you have to know something about trends in formation of
adverbs indicating place. Check with the Grammar page of the WSHSLATIN wiki for an
article which deals with the concept of adverbs of place. You may also consult Allen and
Greenough, section 217.
9.
a. prae
b. coram
c. tenus
d. penes
Answer: d
Reason: a, b, and c are all prepositions that may have an ablative object; c is a preposition that is
only capable of having an accusative object.
Analysis: To get this question right, you have to know which prepositions have an accusative
object, which have an ablative object, and which can have either an accusative or ablative
object. Check with the Grammar page of the WSHSLATIN wiki for an article which deals
with the objects of prepositions. You may also consult Allen and Greenough, section 221.
10.
a. hortor
b. spolio
c. abutor
d. egeo
Answer: a
Reason: b, c, and d are all verbs which lead to the expectation of an ablative; a is not such a verb.
Analysis: To get this question right, you have to know which verbs lead to the expectation of
which cases. I will not even attempt to list all of the verbs which lead to expectations of
certain cases. You should consult the grammatical indices that appear in all of the Latin
textbooks that are available to you. You should also consult a good comprahensive Latin
grammar, like Allen and Greenough, Bennett, or Guildersleeve and Lodge.
II. Choose the correct answer to the question.
11. Which of the following contains a dative of purpose?
a. Britanni Romanis fortiter resistebant.
b. Sunt illi senatori magnae divitiae.
c. Decimam legionem subsidio nostris misit.
d. Pater meus decimae legioni praefuit.
Answer: c
Analysis: Refer to a Latin textbook for discussion of Dative of Purpose. Note: Dative of Purpose
often shows up with Dative of Reference, the combination of which is referred to as the
Double Dative.
12. What is the correct translation for quid in this sentence: “Si quid novi audivisset, nobis rem
totam narravisset”?
a. whatever
b. something
c. whoever
d. anything
Answer: d
Analysis: Remember the mnemonic “After si, nisi, num, and ne, all the ali-s drop away.” In the
sentence above, quid is in a clause introduced by si, so it is really the indefinite pronoun
aliquid, “anything”.
13. Which of the following adjectives does NOT govern the ablative?
a. cupidus
b. peritus
c. fretus
d. orbus
Answer: a
Analysis: Certain adjectives lead to the expectation of nouns in a special case. Check with the
Grammar page of the WSHSLATIN wiki for an article which deals with adjectives leading to the
expectation of particular noun cases. NOTE: This is a poor question. Since peritus much more
frequently governs the genitive case, and only occasionally is used with the ablative, there could
have been better wrong answers. Either that or the question should have been worded to ask
which of the following adjectives cannot….
14. Choose the correct translation for this sentence: “Nostra refert ad castra celeriter pervenire.”
a. It is important to us to reach camp swiftly.
b. We must reach our camp swiftly.
c. It is important to reach our camp swiftly.
d. We must reach camp swiftly.
Answer: a
Analysis: Ah, impersonal verbs again! Check with the Grammar page of the WSHSLATIN wiki
for an article which deals with impersonal verbs. In it, you will find that refert (as well as its
tricky friend, interest) regularly use an ablative, singular, feminine possessive adjective to
show to whom something is important.
15. Which word describes the way the animals entered Noah’s ark?
a. bini
b. bis
c. duplex
d duplus
Answer: a
Analysis: Knowledge of Latin numerals is needed. Refer to Allen and Greenough, sections 132139 for a complete presentation. Here’s the skinny: You have to know that there are
Cardinal Numbers, Ordinal Numbers, Distributive Numbers, Multiplicative Numbers,
Proportional Numbers and Numeral Adverbs. There are other weird ones in A&G 139 for
you to check out, if you like.
Latin
Cardinal
Ordinal
Distributive Multiplicative Proportional
Adverbial
unus, -a, -um primus, -a, -um singuli, -ae, -a simplex
----semel
I
duo, -ae, -o
secundus
bini
duplex
duplus, -a, -um bis
II
trini, terni
triplex
triplus
ter
III tres, tres, tria tertius
quartus
quaterni
quadruplex
quadruplus
quater
IV quattuor
quinque
quintus
quini
quinquiplex
----quinquiens
V
sextus
seni
--------sexiens
VI sex
septimus
septeni
septemplex
----septiens
VII septem
octavus
octoni
----octuplus
octiens
VIII octo
novem
nonus
noveni
--------noviens
IX
decem
decimus
deni
decemplex
----deciens
X
undecimus
undeni
--------undeciens
XI undecim
duodecimus
duodeni
--------duodeciens
XII duodecim
tertius decimus terni deni
--------terdeciens
XIII tredecim
vicensimus
viceni
--------viciens
XX viginti
vicensimus
viceni singuli --------semel viciens
XXI viginti unus
primus
centum
centensimus
centeni
centuplex
----centiens
C
millensimus
milleni
--------miliens
M mille
All ordinals decline like primus. All singuli distributives decline like. All multiplicatives
decline in the third declension, genitive –plicis. All proportionals decline like duplus.
English
Cardinal Ordinal Distributive Multiplicative
Proportional
Adverbial
first
one at a time single
----once
1 one
second two at a time double (twofold) twice as great
twice
2 two
third
three at a time triple
three times as great thrice/three times
3 three
16. Identify the part of speech of eo in this sentence: Quo diligentius laborabis, mi amice, eo
magis laudaberis.
a. adverb
b. conjunction
c. pronoun
d. adjective
Answer: a
Analysis: In the construction “The more…the more…,” quo and eo function as pronominal
adverbs (A&G, §414, a, note)
17. Which of the following nouns is a heteroclite?
a. imber
b. genu
c. domus
d. cor
Answer: c
Analysis: Nouns that vary in declension are called heteroclites. See A&G, §105. domus is by far
the best represented heteroclite noun.
18. Which of the following illustrates a future less vivid construction?
a. Si privatus esset, is tamen deligendus erat.
b. Si venisset, eum vidissemus.
c. Si consul hic erit, cives tuti sint.
d. Si in proelio victus sim, domum redire non queam.
Answer: d
Analysis: A question on a future less vivid condition is always welcome, as would be any
subjunctive conditional question. There are three classes of subjunctive conditions: (1)
future less vivid; (2) present contrary-to-fact; and (3) past contrary-to-fact.
(1) Future less vivid: The subordinate, “if” part of the clause (technically called the protasis)
and the main clause (technically called the apodosis) both will have verbs in the present
subjunctive. In this question, answer choice d satisfies this requirement: sim is present
subjunctive of the irregular verb sum, and queam is the present subjunctive of queo.
(2) Present contrary-to-fact: The verbs in the protasis and the apodosis are imperfect
subjunctive, which in all circumstances is the present active infinitive plus a personal ending.
None of the choices would have satisfied these requirements.
(3) Past contrary-to-fact: The protasis and apodosis both must have pluperfect subjunctive
verbs, formed by adding a personal ending to the perfect infinitive. Choice b would have
been correct if the question had been looking for a past contrary-to-fact condition.
19. Which of the following is a heterogeneous noun?
a. delicium
b. lacus
c. sol
d. vis
Answer: a
Analysis: Nouns that vary in gender are called heterogeneous. See A&G, §106 to find out about
heterogeneous nouns. There are generally two types: (1) nouns which vary between –us and
–um forms; (2) nouns which are not internally variable, but whose singulars decline
consistently as one gender, plurals in another. delicium is of the second type. It is a neuter,
second-declension noun in the singular; a feminine, first-declension noun in the plural.
20. Which tense of the subjunctive is NOT used with utinam to express a wish?
a. present
b. imperfect
c. perfect
d. pluperfect
Answer: c
Analysis: If you don’t know some topic about the subjunctive, the question asks “which tense of
the subjunctive is NOT…, guess perfect tense. It is the least commonly appearing of the
four subjunctive tenses. To express a wish, Latin employs a use of the subjunctive called the
optative subjunctive. See A&G, §§441-442 for details. At the vary least, know that utinam
appears in many wishes. I do not know any other uses for utinam.
III. Choose the answer which fills in the blank or translates the underlined word(s)
correctly.
21. Milites in insula _____ manserunt.
a. tempestate
b. tempestati
c. tempestatis
d. tempestatem
Answer: a
Analysis: First, recognize that the endings are all coming from the third declension, m/f chart.
(Note: test-writers are told not to create wrong answers with impossible forms) Translate
around the blank. The vocab in this question should not impede you: The soldiers remained
on the island (something having to do with a storm). Use the ablative case. A&G, §404
explains the Ablative of Cause. Ablative of Cause is but one of about twenty relatively
common uses of the ablative case.
22. Will he try to see her in Athens?
a. Athenae
b. in Athenis
c. Athenarum
d. Athenis
Answer: d
Analysis: This is another locative question. The forms for the locative are the same as the
genitive in the first and second declensions singular and the same as the ablative in the third
declension singular and in the plural of the first, second, and third declension. See question
2 above for more on the Locative.
23. The enemy are losing so many men that they can be defeated easily.
a. ut vinci possint
b. vinci posse
c. ut vincerentur
d. ut vincantur
Answer: a
Analysis: Not a terrible question. First, the correct answer will have a form of possum in it
because of the presence of “can” in the English. When you talk about the ability to do
something, possum (or a synonym, like queo) will be in play. Second, the correct answer
will have the form of possum in the subjunctive because it functions as the verb within a
Result Clause. Check with the Grammar page of the WSHSLATIN wiki for an article which
deals with Result Clauses. Specifically in this item, you can tell that a result clause is
required because of the presence of “so many men.” The typical concept that introduce
result clauses is that of “so ______ that”: Hercules’ strength was so great that…; there were
so many arrows that…; the boy cried wolf so often that…. Result clauses have finite verbs
in the subjunctive, like answer a, not infinitives, like b.
24. Quaesivi _____.
a. quae mercatores populo polliciti esse
b. quod mercatores populo polliciti sunt
c. quae mercatores populo polliciti essent
d. quod a mercatoribus populo pollicitum esse
Answer: c
Analysis: Not a terrible question. Check with the Grammar page of the WSHSLATIN wiki for an
article which deals with Indirect Questions. The quick explanation pertaining to this
question is that quaesivi, by its definition “I asked” leads to the expectation of an indirect
question. The correct answer will have a subjunctive verb because it functions in an indirect
question. The only answer choice that even has a subjunctive verb is c.
25. We must give thanks to the leader.
a. Gratiae duci nobis agendae sunt
b. Gratias duci nos agendi sunt
c. Duci gratias nos agimus
d. Duci gratiae a nobis agendae sunt
Answer: d
Analysis: Let’s use process of elimination on this one. Firstly, the English statement is a classic
expression of necessity in that it uses “must” with the main verb. The phrase “need to” functions
similarly. Use the mnemonic: “-nd- plus “to be” shows necessity”. The correct answer has to
have a nominative gerundive and a form of sum. (Check with the Grammar page of the
WSHSLATIN wiki for an article which deals with Gerunds and Gerundives.) Answer c can be
eliminated. Secondly, you must remember that in expressions of necessity in Latin, the person
who has the necessity would be in the Dative Case (Dative of Agent). However, in this sentence,
using nobis as a Dative of Agent would cause ambiguity (like in answer a, where it would be
unclear which dative (duci or nobis) was the Indirect Object and which was showing Agency).
When a sentence which would normally feature a dative of agent is already generating a person in
the dative case, the fallback position is to employ an Ablative of Agent: a or ab + person in the
ablative case.
26. Hostibus victis, oppidum cepimus.
a. If the enemy are defeated
b. Whether the enemy is defeated
c. Although the enemy was defeated
d. After the enemy had been defeated
Answer: d
Analysis: The underlined construction is an Ablative Absolute. Check with the Grammar page of
the WSHSLATIN wiki for an article which deals with the Ablative Absolute. Use process
of elimination. Answer b cannot be correct since it does not employ a WASABI clause
marker. Since victis is a perfect participle, it denotes completed action (from the “perfect”
part) which must be completed before the time of the main verb (from the fact that the the
tense of non-finite verbal forms, i.e., infinitives and participles, are relative to the governing
finite verb). Answer a definitely does not reflect action completed before the main verb.
Answer c doesn’t either; however, English isn’t always as precise as we might hope it to be.
What eliminates c is the lack of a tamen or autem or some other word indicating that the
ablative absolute provides a concession that must be translated as although. Answer d has
everything we want. The translation is introduced by a WASABI clause marker, and the
rendering of a perfect participle with a perfect governing finite verb as a pluperfect
subordinate verb is accurate and precise.
27. Non dubito _____ pueri gravissimas arbores portare _____.
a. hi / possunt
b. quominus / possent c. quin / possint
d. illi / poterunt
Answer: c
Analysis: From A&G, §558a: “Quin is especially common with non dubito….” When I see
dubito, I expect quin. Answer choices a and d could be eliminated as impossible because
each choice would result in a sentence with two indicative, finite verbs without a proper
connector or subordinate clause marker. Although things like that can happen in real Latin,
expect it on a Forum grammar test only under the most peculiar circumstances. Answer b
features quominus, which shows up with “verbs of hindering and refusing” (A&G, §558b).
The examples Allen and Greenough give use the verbs impedio, teneo, and obsto.
28. Which of the following does NOT translate correctly this sentence: “The girl intended to
read the book”?
a. Puella in animo librum legere habebat.
b. Puellae liber legendus erat.
c. Puella librum lectura erat.
d. Puella librum legere volebat.
Answer: b
Analysis: Answer a literally translates as “The girl has in mind to read the book.” Answer c
translates as “The girl was going to read the book.” Answer d: “The girl wanted to read the
book.” All of these are normal ways of expressing intention. Answer b, however, translates
as “The girl had to read the book.” “-nd- plus ‘to be’ shows necessity.” Necessity and
intention are not equivalent.
29. The man was pardoned.
a. Vir ignotus est.
b. Viro ignotus est.
c. Viri ignotum est.
d. Viro ignotum est.
Answer: d
Analysis: The verb ignosco in the active voice is a special intransitive verb that leads to the
expectation of a dative object. That means that what looks like a direct object in the English
is in the dative case in Latin. When verbs of this type appear in the passive voice, what
looks like the subject is still in the dative case. That takes us down to answers b and d. The
difference between the choices is that the perfect passive participle that is the first part of the
two-part verb is (1) in answer b, masculine, and (2) in answer d, neuter. To get this right,
you have to know that an intransitive verb (i.e., a verb that does not generate an accusative
direct object) that appears in the passive voice is an impersonal construction with no person
as subject. To reflect that, Latin uses neuter forms in the perfect passive verbs of
intransitives.
30. He made everything seem easy.
a. Effecit omnia facilia vident
b. Effecit ut omnia facilia viderentur
c. Effecit omnia facilia videri
d. Effecit ut omnia facilia videant
Answer: b
Analysis: This one is actually pretty easy if you just know two things: (1) The verb efficio
generates a noun result clause for a direct object (using the clause markers ut for the positive
and ut non for the negative), and (2) When video means “seem,” it is in the passive voice.
Using these two pieces of information, answer d is the only one that remains.
31. He promised to obey his parents.
a. eius parentes se parere
b. suis parentibus se pariturum esse
c. ut suis parentibus pareret
d. ut eius parentes pareat
Answer: c
Analysis: Answers a and c have two shared flaws. First, use of eius indicates something
belonging to someone other than the subject. Second, pareo generates a dative object, not
the accusative.
32. Arma civibus ad castra _____ data sunt.
a. defendenda
b. ut defenderet
c. defensum
d. defendere
Answer: a
Analysis: From the four choices, the question is asking about constructions used to express
purpose. Answer b is how a pure (also known as adverbial) purpose clause. One glaring
problem with b is that the subject of the third-person verb defenderet would be ambiguous
since every verb in the main clause is plural. Another problem is that the prepositional
phrase ad castra makes no sense outside of the clause boundaries of b. Finally, what would
be the direct object of defenderet? Answer c is the accusative supine form, which would be
fine to show purpose, but only when the main verb generating it has the semantic feature of
motion either intrinsic (like with eo or venio) or implied (like with mitto); the same problem
of direct object would also exist. Answer d: Latin only exceedingly rarely and only in poetry
uses infinitives to show purpose.
33. In urbe manebimus _____ facilius hostibus resistamus.
a. qui
b. quo
c. quin
d. quae
Answer: b
Analysis: From A&G §531, 2, a: “The ablative quo (= ut eo) is used as a conjunction in final
clauses which also contain a comparative.” Since translation of this item clearly indicates
that the subordinate clause is a purpose clause (one of the three types of final clauses, the
other two being indirect commands and fearing clauses), and since facilius is a comparative
adverb, the answer must be b.
34. They feared that the general had been killed.
a. imperatorem interfectum esse
b. ut imperator interfectus esset
c. quin imperator interfectus sit
d. ne imperator interfectus esset
Answer: d
Analysis: The clause markers for fearing clauses are reversed, so the answer is d. As for answer
a, verbs that mean “fear” do not produce indirect statements which emply an accusativeinfinitive construction. If answer b were the correct choice, the English would read, “They
feared that the general had not been killed.” quin would be the go-to clause marker if the
verb had the semantic feature of doubting.
35. I kept asking what you would do, but you did not answer.
a. quid facturus esses b. quod facies
c. quid faceres
d. quod feceris
Answer: a
Analysis: There is one thing that is useful for answering this question correctly and one thing that
is necessary. The useful thing is knowing that the clause marker meaning “what” in an
indirect question is quid and not quod. The necessary thing is sequence of tenses. Allen and
Greenough has a perfectly fine chart in section 483, which I will not reproduce here since
theirs is without need of augmentation.
36. These books are most suitable for reading.
a. maxime idonei legendo
b. idoneissimi legendo
c. maxime idonei ad legendum
d. plurimi idonei legendum
Answer: a
Analysis: Two pieces of pertinent information: (1) How idoneus forms its superlatives, and (2)
What expectation idoneus leads to. For how idoneus forms its superlatives:
Adjectives of the 1st and 2nd declension ending in -eus or -ius form the comparative with
magis and the superlative with maxime:
idoneus, -a, -um; magis idoneus, -a, -um; maxime idoneus, -a, -um
Secondly, idoneus leads to the expectation of a dative. Check with the Grammar page of the
WSHSLATIN wiki for an article which deals with adjectives leading to the expectation of
particular noun cases.
37. He found the horse and led it home.
a. Equo invento, domum eum duxit.
b. Equum invenit et ad domum eum duxit.
c. Equum inventum domum duxit.
d. Equo inveniente, domum eum duxit.
38. Cum eius auctoritas maxima sit, _____.
a. omnibus his viris parcere posset
b. omnes hos viros parcere potuerit
c. omnes hos viros parcere potest
d. omnibus his viris parcere poterit
Answer: d
Analysis: One thing that you have to know to get this question right is that parco leads to the
expectation of a dative object, not an accusative direct object. That eliminates answers b and
c. The other key to this question is knowing that cum clauses do not lead to the expectation
of a subjunctive verb in the main clause, which eliminates answer a.
39. Now there is need of strength.
a. vires
b. virium
c. viribus
d. viris
Answer: c
Analysis: From A&G, §411: “opus and usus, signifying need, take the ablative.”
40. Gaudeo _____.
a. ut hostes vincerentur
b. quod hostes vincantur
c. hostes victos esse
d. hostes victos essent
Answer: d
Analysis: From A&G, §572, b: “Verbs of feeling and the expression of feeling take either quod
(quia) or the accusative and infinitive (Indirect Discourse).” That would eliminate answer a
and would seem to eliminate the choice given by the key as correct, answer d. Answer c is
correct in form, while the verb in answer b is incorrect because of mood (it should be
indicative, not subjunctive) and perhaps in tense (it would make more sense in the perfect,
not in the present). I think that this answer was given incorrectly.
41. I urged the citizens to stay in the city.
a. ut cives in urbe manerent
b. cives in urbe manere
c. civibus ut urbe manserint
d. civibus ut urbe maneant
Answer: a
Analysis: Allen and Greenough calls it a Substantive Clause of Purpose; many sources call it an
Indirect Command. Whatever name you want, when you have a verb that is ordering,
urging, suggesting beseeching, begging, et al., for a modification in the behavior of another,
that verb tends to generate a subordinate clause which can be classified as one of the three
Final Clauses (along with Pure (or Adverbial) Purpose Clauses and Fearing Clauses). All
three final clauses use ut and ne plus a verb in the subjunctive mood. In this case, that
eliminates answer b. See the page in Green Jenney that deals with this
42. I am tired of working.
a. Mihi laborem taedet
b. Laboris me taedet
c. Labor mei taedet
d. Labor mihi taedet
Answer: b
Analysis: Check with the Grammar page of the WSHSLATIN wiki for an article which deals
with impersonal verbs. For this question, know that the following verbs of feeling or
emotion use the accusative of the person affected and genitive of the cause of the feeling or
emotion:
miseret – it grieves
paenitet – it repents
piget – it disgusts
pudet – it shames
taedet – it wearies
43. They arrived sooner than expected.
a. opinione citius
b. citiores quam exspectaverunt
c. citiores exspectatis
d. citius quam opinionem
Answer: a
Analysis: First, you must know that “sooner” is an adverb, not an adjective, making citius the
proper form to use. Second, you must know that a comparative leads to the expectation of a
than_____ in English, which can be expressed one of two ways in Latin: (1) put the second
item compared in the ablative case (Ablative of Comparison), or (2) use quam, and put the
second item in the comparison into the same case as the first (only if the first is in the
nominative or accusative case). There are some idioms that use an ablative, and the one
above is one of those, rendering answer a. Others listed in A&G, §406, a include spe, solito,
aequo, credibili,and iusto, meaning, respectively, “than was the hope,” “than was normal,”
“than was fair,” “than was believeable,” and “than was just.”
44. Memini cum mihi desipere _____.
a. videreris
b. videbare
c. videaris
d. videris
Answer: b
Analysis: This is a quotation from Cicero’s Letters to Family. The main thing that makes b the
correct answer is that Cicero said it this way.
45. Cum _____, posce Latine.
a. poscas
b. posceres
c. posces
d. poscis
Answer: c
Analysis: This is a general condition from Juvenal’s Satires 11.148. It translates as “Whenever
you ask, ask in Latin.” When there is a general condition not directed to a specific person and not
referring to a specific time, the future indicative or the present subjunctive are usually used,
meaning that answers a and c both seem possible. The thing that makes this one answer c is
Juvenal said it this way.
IV. Use the following passage from Cicero to answer questions 46-50.
ego quaestor in Sicilia fueram, iudices, cumque ex ea provincia decessissem, Siculis omnibus iucundam diuturnamque memoriam quaesturae nominisque reliqui. itaque nunc,
populati atque vexati, cuncti ad me publice saepe venerunt
5 orantes ut suarum fortunarum omnium causam defensionemque susciperem. me saepe esse pollicitum dicebant,
si quod tempus veniret quo aliquid a me requirerent, commodis suis non defuturum. venisse tempus aiebant, non
iam ut commoda sua, sed ut vitam salutemque totius pro10 vinciae defenderem; sese iam ne deos quidem in suis
urbibus ad quos confugerent habere, quod eorum simulacra sanctissima C. Verres ex delubris sustulisset.
Firstly, the passage above is based upon a Cicero passage, but the grammar has been significantly
altered from Cicero’s. So many changes have been made that I seriously question the
quotation’s use on a FJCL test.
46. Identify the type of cum clause illustrated in lines 1-2 (cumque…decessissem).
a. temporal
b. circumstantial
c. causal
d. concessive
Answer: b
Analysis: The four choices are the four basic cum clauses. Here are their characteristics:
cum-Temporal Clause – The time of the subordinate clause and the time of the main clause are
the same; no other connection is being emphasized. The verb in this cum clause is
indicative.
cum-Circumstantial – Describes the circumstances or the background that accompanies or
preceeds the main verb. The verb in this cum clause is subjunctive. It can translate as
“when,” but it will not likely sound right as “because.”
cum-Causal – Tells the cause behind the main clause. The verb in this cum clause is subjunctive.
Sounds best as “because” or “since.”
cum-Concessive – The easy subjunctive cum clause. It translates as “although.”
In this case, answer a is out because the verb, decessissem is pluperfect subjunctive. To narrow it
down further, you have to be able to translate some. “I had been a quaestor in Sicily, and
when I had left the province, for all the Sicilians I left behind a pleasing and lasting
recollection of my quaestorship and my name.” Sounds like cum circumstantial to me!
47. The verb susciperem in line 6 is what type of subjunctive clause?
a. indirect command
b. result clause
c. subordinate clause in indirect discourse
d. adverbial purpose clause
Answer: a
Analysis: Since the word generating the clause is orantes, “begging, entreating,” the clause is
seeking to expose a desired course of action to another. Sounds like an indirect command to
me!
48. Identify the subject of venisse (line 8).
a. orantes (line 5)
b. me (line 6)
c. aliquid (line 7)
d. tempus (line 8)
Answer: d
Analysis: venisse tempus aiebant: “They were saying that the time had come…”
49. The word quos in line 11 refers to whom/what?
a. iudices (line 1)
b. Siculis (line 2)
c. cuncti (line 4)
d. deos (line 10).
Answer: d
Analysis: sese iam ne deos quidem in suis urbibus ad quos confugerent habere: “that they had
now not even any gods in their cities to whom they could flee…”
50. All of the following are reasons why the Sicilians were asking Cicero for help EXCEPT
which?
a. even the gods had forsaken them
b. the current governor was rapacious
c. he had left behind an excellent reputation
d. he had made a promise
Answer: a
Analysis: Answer b was established in line 4 with populati atque vexati; answer a in lines 2-3
with Siculis omnibus iucundam diuturnamque memoriam quaesturae nominisque reliqui;
answer d in line 6 with me saepe esse pollicitum. As for answer a, the gods didn’t forsake
the Sicilians; theie statues were carried off by Verres: eorum simulacra sanctissima C.
Verres ex delubris sustulisset, “Their most sacred statues Gaius Verres had carried off from
the shrines.”