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Planetary Science Knowledge Check 1. What causes day and night? (Please include a picture with your explanation.) 2. How long is a day and how long is a night on Earth? 3. Why does the Sun rise in the east on Earth but in the west on Venus? 4. How long is a year on Earth? Why is it that long? 5. What causes the seasons? 6. Why is it a different time in New York than in Columbia Falls? 7. Where does the new day start on Earth? 8. At what time is the sun at its highest point in the sky? 9. How long is a day and how long is a night on the Moon? Day & Night Why does the length of day (photoperiod) and night change? luminous gives off light (not reflected light) examples: luminous -> Sun & other stars, light bulb not luminous -> Moon, comet, asteroid, meteor rotate spin around an axis rotate spin around an axis Earth’s rotation 1. direction is counter clockwise (to the east) – evidence for direction: Sun rises in the east 2. time for one rotation is 24 hours Moon’s rotation 1. direction is counter clockwise 2. time for one rotation is 28 days revolve to orbit around another object revolve to orbit around another body It takes the Earth 365 and Earth’s revolution ¼ days to revolve around (counterclockwise) the Sun once (counter clockwise) revolve to orbit around another body It takes the Earth 365 and Earth’s revolution ¼ days to revolve around (counterclockwise) the Sun once Moon’s It takes the Moon 28 days revolution to revolve once around (counterclockwise) Earth (counter clockwise) latitude east-west circles parallel to equator which range from 0o at equator to 90o (north or south) at poles latitude Seasons animations SEASON SIMULATOR Go to: http://astro.unl.edu/classaction/animations/coord smotion/eclipticsimulator.html Drag the stick figure up until the observer’s latitude is about 48.2o. Click the checkbox to show labels in the upper right screen. Sun’s angle beam spread picture of Earth/Sun summer solstice (~June 21) fall equinox (~Sept. 21) winter solstice (~Dec. 21) spring equinox (~March 21) Sun’s angle beam spread picture of Earth/Sun summer solstice (~June 21) fall equinox (~Sept. 21) winter solstice (~Dec. 21) spring equinox (~March 21) 65.1 B A DAY LENGTH SIMULATOR Go to: http://www.cs.sbcc.net/~physics/flash/LengthofDay.swf Find the longitude line nearest to Anchorage. Locate the arctic circle. Observe the longitude line at each equinox and the solstices as the Earth rotates . Which part of the longitude line goes into shadow first? north first south first all the same daylight to night summer solstice (~June 21) fall equinox (~Sept. 21) winter solstice (~Dec. 21) spring equinox (~March 21) north first south first all the same daylight to night summer solstice (~June 21) fall equinox (~Sept. 21) winter solstice (~Dec. 21) spring equinox (~March 21) long equal short equal What Causes Tilt of the Earth on The Seasons? its axis causes: 1) hours of daylight to change during the year which results in a different number of hours for heating; 2) changes in the angle at which the light strikes the Earth ( more heating, less heating) Summer in N. Hemisphere axis is tilted toward the Sun – 1) more daylight hours means more time for heating; 2) higher angle of light means more heating Winter in N. Hemisphere axis is tilted away from Sun – 1) fewer daylight hours means less time for heating; 2) lower angle of light means less heating Why do we 1. The northern have hemisphere is tilted summer? toward the Sun in (1-3) summer. This causes more hours of daylight. 2. The tilt also results in more direct sunlight striking the northern hemisphere. 3. More direct sunlight for more hours causes more heating. Why do we 1. The northern have hemisphere is tilted winter? away from the Sun in (1-3) winter. This causes fewer hours of daylight. 2. The tilt also results in less direct sunlight striking the northern hemisphere. 3. Less direct sunlight for fewer hours causes less heating. result: warmer temperatures N. longitude comes out of shadow (sunrise) earlier and goes into shadow (sunset) later than south longitude; more time to heat more direct energy from sun; more heating summer fall SEASONS spring winter N. longitude comes out of shadow (sunrise) later and goes into shadow (sunset) earlier than south longitude; less time to heat less direct energy from sun; less heating result: cooler temperatures Key Points So Far 1. When light strikes a spherical object, exactly 50% is in light and 50% in darkness. 2. The Earth rotates on its axis once every 24 hours. The rotation gives the illusion that the Sun rises and sets. 3. The hours of daylight on Earth vary from 0 to 24 hours per day depending on the latitude, and season. This is because of the Earth’s tilt. 4. The Earth revolves around the Sun once every 365 ¼ days. 5. The Earth’s seasons are a result of the Earth’s tilt. The tilt results in two things. changes in hours of daylight; changes the angle at which the Sun light strikes the Earth 6. When the northern hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun, it is summer because There are more hours of daylight– more time to heat the surface; the angle of sunlight striking the surface is more direct – more heating spinning about an axis 1 day or 24 hrs Sir Sanford Flemming 1884 Day & Night is about were invented by is for Earth is the motion of the Earth relative to the Sun & how we keep time rotation one motion is in the results in a unique counterclockwise or east direction local noon another motion is is revolution planet tilt causes different Sun angles for Earth is causes varying lengths of daylight resulting in resulting in seasons which together with 1 year or 365 days of the Earth & planets around the Sun was proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus 1543 one object orbiting around another object Time keeping around the planet was made easier with the invention of time zones and the International Date Line Practice Quiz Day & Night Day 1.What is the difference between rotate and revolve? 2.What is the Earth’s period of rotation? Revolution? 3.What is the Moon’s period of rotation? Revolution? 4.How much of Mars is in day at any given time? 5.Which way does the Earth rotate? Revolve? 6.Which way does the Moon rotate? Revolve? 7. How long is day and how long is night on Earth? Moon? 8. What causes the seasons? 9. Which of the following are luminous? a) light bulb b) Moon c) Sun d) asteroid e) comet Local Noon local noon the moment when the Sun is at its highest point in the sky How do you calculate local noon? There are 3 steps. How do you calculate local noon? There are 3 steps. 1) Find the time between sunrise and sunset. How do you calculate local noon? There are 3 steps. 1) Find the time between sunrise and sunset. 2) Divide that time in half. How do you calculate local noon? There are 3 steps. 1) Find the time between sunrise and sunset. 2) Divide that time in half. 3) Add that time to the sunrise time. How do you calculate local noon? examples There are 3 steps. 1) Find the time between sunrise and sunset. 2) Divide that time in half. 3) Add that time to the sunrise time. Time Zones time zone one of 24 sectors on the Earth which are 15o or 1 hour wide time zone one of 24 sectors on the Earth which are 15o or 1 hour wide Why do we Towns set local time have time according to local noon. zones? This caused a problem for railroad scheduling. Who started time zones? Sir Sanford Flemming (1827-1915) proposed the idea of time zones. The world adopted the idea in 1884. U.S. Time Zones World Time Zones Rotate Spin around an axis. Compare to revolve Revolve Move in orbit about a center. Unit 2: The Moon 1. Race to Space 2. Moon Origin Theories 3. Moon Size & Distance 4. Moon Surface Features Introduction to the Moon rays is about The Race to Space crater characteristics scale of size what mankinds explorations & research have revealed about the effects of moving objects on the Moon (and the Earth) starts with include include Moon Surface Features includes names of Theories of Moon Origin Sisters Theory Capture Theory Distance & Size Relationships of Earth & Moon Daughter Theory Big Impact Theory diameter & depth for example for example Moon is about 30 Earth diameters away Moon is about 1/4 of the Earths diameter craters includes names of maria JFK “We Choose. . “ Sputnik 1 Luna 1 Luna 2 1st US space walk Ed White ’56 ’57 ’58 ’59 ’60 ’61 ’62 ’63 ’64 ’65 ’66 ’67 ’68 ’69 ‘70 1st step Neil Armstrong Luna 3 Sputnik2 John Glenn F7 1st US orbit Moon Origin Theories • Sisters Theory • Capture Theory • Daughter Theory • Big Impact Theory Sisters Theory Capture Theory Daughter Theory Big Impact Theory Crater: a bowl shaped hole caused by an impact impact simulator Meteor Crater Arizona diameter = .74 miles Ray: white lines of material ejected from a crater and extending in all directions Copernicus rays Tycho Mare: mare (MAH-ray) singular maria (MAH-ree-ah) plural Mare: large relatively flat & dark area of hardened lava maria Plato Sea of Rains 63 mi 746 mi Copernicus Sea of Serenity 373 mi 58 mi Sea of Crises 354 mi Ptolemaeus Sea of Tranquility 94 mi Tycho 37 mi Copernicus 5 6 7 4 8 3 2 1 a b c d Moon Phases Earth & Moon Comparison Earth dia. ~ 12,750 km Moon dia. ~ 3,500 km Distance. ~ 384,000 km Moon is about ¼ of Earths diameter Earth & Moon are about 30 Earth Diameters apart 30 Earth diameters The Moon’s Orbit is o Tilted at 5 (image) Moon Phases More Moon Phase Animations • http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animation s/content/moonphase.html (animated worksheet) • • http://astro.unl.edu/naap/lps/animations/lps.swf (with angle and time) • http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/moon_phas es/ (beginners ) • http://sunshine.chpc.utah.edu/labs/moon/lunar_pha ses_main.html (lunar phase activities) Eclipses Tilt of Moon’s Orbit animation relative to the ecliptic solar & lunar eclipse Solar Eclipse A solar eclipse happens when the Moon passes between the Sun and the Earth. A solar eclipse may be partial or total (which is more rare). Solar Eclipse • NASA Solar Eclipse Tables • Solar Eclipse for Beginners Lunar Eclipse A lunar eclipse happens when the Earth passes between the Sun and the Moon. A lunar eclipse may be either partial or total. Lunar Eclipse NASA Lunar Eclipse Tables Lunar Eclipse for Beginners The Solar System: How did it form? Our Home in the Universe: A look at size and scale. Introduction to Our Solar System Aristarchus of Samos 310BC – 230BC First proposed that the planets revolved around the Sun. Nicolaus Copernicus 1473 – 1543 Model of solar system with planets revolving around the Sun. Copernicus Model Sun • not a planet, but a star • contains 99.86% of matter in entire solar system • energy released like 100 billion tons of TNT exploding each second flare The Death of Our Star What is a 1. orbits Sun planet? 2. its gravity pulled it into a spherical shape 3. cleared the region of its orbit 4. is not a moon What is a 1. orbits Sun dwarf 2. Its gravity pulled it into planet? a spherical shape 3. has not cleared the region of its orbit 4. is not a moon What is 1. orbits Sun inside orbit an of Jupiter asteroid? 2. not enough mass for gravity to pull it into a spherical shape 3. has not cleared the region of its orbit 4. is not a moon dwarf planet asteroid belt asteroid asteroid its gravity did not pull it into a sphere did not clear its orbit -orbits Sun -not a moon cleared its orbit dwarf planet its gravity pulled it into a sphere planet Analogy: dwarf planet is to planet as car in traffic is to _____? Einstein and Gravity Law of Gravity 1. The force of gravity increases as the mass of the object (developed by increases. Issac Newton & 2. The force of gravity describes strength of decreases as the gravity) distance between the objects increase. The Solar System The Planets The Inner Solid Planets Mercury (Roman messenger god) Mercury Mercury • greatest temperature o o range (870 F to –300 F) • smallest planet – only slightly larger than our moon • very little atmosphere • covered with craters Venus (Roman goddess of love) Venus Maat Mons Venus o 900 F • on surface • clouds of sulfuric acid, hurricane force winds, lightning • crushing atmosphere (like being 3,000 ft deep in ocean) • rotates in direction opposite of the Earth’s rotation • 1 rotation takes 243 Earth days, while 1 revolution around the Sun only takes 225 days (day is longer than year) Earth Mars (Roman god of war) Mars (Hubble) View of Earth from Mars Mars Surface panoramas Mars o 23 F • temperature range to o –125 F • largest volcano in solar system (16 miles high, 360 miles wide) • has a canyon that would stretch from New York to Los Angeles (the Grand Canyon could easily fit into one of the side canyons) • has 2 moons: Phobos (fear) & Deimos (panic) Asteroid Belt • region between Mars and Jupiter where thousands of asteroids are found • dwarf planet Ceres is found in asteroid belt The Outer Gas Planets Jupiter (king of Roman gods) Jupiter Rings Jupiter • gas planet made mostly of hydrogen & helium • 1,300 Earths could fit inside • has 2/3 of the matter contained in all the planets • 67 moons (as of March 2013) • Great Red Spot is a giant storm - 3 Earths could fit side by side within this storm • has 1 faint ring surrounding it Saturn (Roman god of agriculture) Saturn Taken by satellite Cassini Oct 04 Saturn & Titan (Cassini Mar 05) Titan Titan (Cassini 2/15/05) T i t a n l a n d i n artist conception of Titan’s surface with Huygens floating under parachute actual picture of Titan’s surface taken from Huygens as it floated down; river channels caused by flowing liquid methane a c e f r o m H u y g actual surface of Titan Saturn • gas planet made mostly of hydrogen and helium • 62 moons • winds of 1,000 miles per hour • radiates more energy than o receives from Sun (21,000 F core) Uranus (Roman god of the sky) moon Ariel Uranus • blue, gas planet made mostly of hydrogen & helium but with more methane than Jupiter & Saturn; • lays on its side and rotates Uranus • at least 11 thin rings • 27 moons • temperature (–365oF) Neptune (Roman god of the sea) storm called “Great Dark Spot” Scooter storm called “Dark Spot 2” Neptune rings Neptune • bluish gas planet with striped pattern; made mostly of hydrogen & helium but with more methane gas than Jupiter or Saturn • at least 4 rings • 13 moons Outer Planets 1. Which of the outer planets has the longest year? Why? 2. Which of the outer planets has the shortest day? Why? 3. Put outer planets in order by: diameter • gravity least greatest » least greatest Can you always predict gravity based on diameter alone? Why? The Dwarf Planets and beyond Kuiper Belt Kuiper Belt • region starts beyond Neptune • made up of millions of icy and rocky objects • astronomers think short period comets (<200 yrs) may come from Kuiper Belt Ceres (Roman goddess of the harvest, & motherly love) Ceres • largest object in the asteroid belt (not Kuiper Belt) Pluto (Roman god of underworld) Pluto • found in the Kuiper Belt • solid planet – frozen methane, nitrogen & carbon dioxide • 5 moons Eris (Roman goddess of strife & discord) Eris • • • • found in the Kuiper Belt largest of the dwarf planets one moon – Dysnomia 3 times farther from the Sun than Pluto Makemake creator god of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) Makemake • found in the Kuiper Belt • 3rd largest of the dwarf planets Haumea Hawaiian goddess of childbirth Haumea • found in the Kuiper Belt • two moons – Hiiaka, Nmaka (daughters of Haumea) • fastest spinning object in Solar System Oort Cloud • immense spherical cloud surrounding solar system; about 1 light year from the Sun Interstellar medium slows as it collides with heliosphere (solar wind slows) “bubble” in space “blown” by solar wind Solar System Formation Planets 11 12 13 14 15 Review