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Vaccine and Vaccination in farm Animals Dr. Amira Adel Taha Al-Hosary PhD of Infectious Diseases, Lecturer of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt The immune system: Collection of tissues, cells, molecules that protect the body against pathogens. It is a vital system although it is relatively small (weight of all leukocytes and their products involved in immune function is probably lesser than 2 % of body weight). Function of the immune system 1. Protection against pathogens. 2. Remove of dead tissues and cells. 3. Recognize and remove abnormal cells with abnormal growth (Cancer cells). The immune response: It means the reaction of the immune system against any foreign pathogens (Antigen). Tolerance: The ability of the immune system to identify its cells and diff. between them and other antigens. Congenital immunity (Innate immunity): It includes all anatomical and physiological barriers. Acquired immunity (Adaptive immunity): It includes humeral (Abs) and cellular immunity. Acquired immunity Adaptive immunity Specific immunity Specific immunity Active immunity Natural immunity Infection Passive immunity Artificial immunity Vaccination Natural immunity Colostrums Artificial immunity Hyper immune sera Active immunity Vs. Passive immunity 1. Active Immunity through Vaccines: Vaccines work by exposing the immune system to antigens from a specific pathogen, tricking the body into thinking that it suffer from real infection. Exposure to an antigen stimulates an immune response, which creates memory cells for that pathogen. 2. Passive immunity: The animal receives specific Abs against specific pathogen in form of colostrum or hyper immune sera. In humans: Antibodies can pass from the maternal side to the fetus through the placental barriers. But the cow’s antibodies cannot move, so the only place for the calf to get antibodies is the first milk and gut absorption (Colostrum). A. Natural Passive immunity through colostrum: Calf by the third trimester can recognize some antigens and produce its own antibodies but it is not enough and the calf must take the colostrum as soon as possible (0:12 hours after birth (Maternal immunity). Pre-calving vaccination aims to stimulate the cow’s immune antibodies. response to produce the colostral B. Artificial Passive immunity (Hyper immune sera): It contains specific Abs against specific Ag. Uses of hyper immune sera: 1- Used as a treatment. 2- During transportation as prophylactic ttt. 3- Old animals, newly born animals. 4- Immuno compromised or Immuno suppressed animals. 5- During out break. History of Vaccine: The process of inoculation was used by Chinese physicians in the 10th century and the earliest documented examples of vaccination are from India and China in the 17th century, where vaccination with powdered scabs from people infected with small pox against the disease. was used to protect History of Vaccine: Edward Jenner established the procedure of vaccination by introducing material from a cowpox vesicle on Sarah Nelmes into the arm of a boy named James Phipps. In 1798, Jenner published his data and developed an "arm-to-arm" method of vaccination. Vaccination and immunization The vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity against a particular disease. It typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing micro-organism attenuated or killed forms, its toxins or one of its surface proteins. Vaccination and immunization Vaccine aim to stimulate the immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and keep a record of it, so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it later encounters. Vaccination and immunization Vaccination • The Immunization administration of vaccines is called vaccination. • The success of the vaccine to protect the animals called immunization. Vaccination and immunization Factors affection the efficacy of the vaccine: 1. The disease itself (for some diseases vaccination performs better than for others). 2. The strain of vaccine. 3. Individual variation in the vaccination. 4. Malnutrition, parasitic infestation. response to Vaccination and immunization Adverse effects of vaccines: Most of these side effects are due to postvaccinal reaction and include: fever, pain around the injection site, off food and some individuals are allergic to ingredients in the vaccine. Types of Vaccines: Inactivated (Killed vaccines): The micro-organisms have been destroyed with chemicals, heat or radiation. To enhance the action of this killed vaccine we must add substance called adjuvant. Types of Vaccines: Adjuvant: It is non-antigenic substance when mixed with killed vaccine it enhance its action which lead to production more Abs. of Mode of action: 1. Activate the innate immune responses at the injection site. 2. Stimulate the inflammation. 3. Decrease the rate of Ag absorption Increase the chance of its presentation. 4. Stimulate the immune response and immune cells. Types: Mineral oil, alum (Potassium aluminium sulfate) and sulfolipopolysaccharide. Types of Vaccines: Attenuated vaccines: Some vaccines contain live or attenuated microorganisms. Cultivated under conditions that disable their virulent properties to produce less dangerous organisms to produce a broad immune response. Types of Vaccines: For examples: Living attenuated vaccine against tuberculosis developed by Calmette and Guérin it is modified weakened strain of Mycobacterium bovis subcultured on Middle brook 7H9 media and called "BCG" (not used for cattle in Egypt). Types of Vaccines: Living vaccine Don’t need adjuvant Small dose Not used in pregnant females Strong immune response Long duration Low coast Killed vaccine Need adjuvant Larger dose Used Weak Shorter so need 2nd dose (Booster dose) Expensive Types of Vaccines: Toxoid: It is made from inactivated toxic compounds that cause illness rather than the micro-organism. Example of toxoid-based vaccines against tetanus. Anti-toxoid: It is made from antibodies against the inactivated toxic compounds (Hyper immune sera). Example: Anti -Tetanic sera. Types of Vaccines: Subunit Vaccine: Recombinant DNA technology in recent years has become a boon to produce new generation vaccines to overcome the limitations of the traditional vaccines. It aims to use protein subunit rather than inactivated or attenuated micro-organism. Types of Recombinant Vaccines: 1. Subunit recombinant vaccines. 2. Attenuated recombinant vaccines. 3. Vector recombinant vaccines. Types of Vaccines: 1. Subunit recombinant vaccines. These are the components of the pathogenic organisms include proteins, peptides and DNA which are immunogenic and bind to antibodies. FMD subunit Vaccine: The domains of viral protein I (VPI) of FMDV were chemically synthesized. This short peptides (domains) was bound to the surface of a carrier protein and used as a vaccine. Types of Vaccines: Article Shared by Nandkishor Jha Types of Vaccines: 2. Attenuated recombinant vaccines: These are the genetically modified pathogenic organisms (bacteria or viruses) that are made non-pathogenic and used as vaccines. Types of Vaccines: The genetic manipulations for the production of these vaccines are broadly of two types: 1. Deletion or modification of virulence genes of pathogenic organisms. 2. Genetic manipulation of non-pathogenic organisms to carry and express antigen determinants from pathogenic organisms. Types of Vaccines: 3. Vector recombinant vaccines (virus-like particle ): These are the genetically modified viral vectors that can be used as vaccines against certain pathogens. Article Shared by Nandkishor Jha Types of Vaccines: Valence Monovalent vaccine immunize against a single antigen. Bivalent vaccine immunize against two antigens. Multivalent or polyvalent vaccine immunize against three or more strains of the same microorganism, microorganisms. or against two or more Types of Vaccines: Heterotypic Also known as heterologous or "Jennerian" vaccines, these are pathogens of other species that either do not cause disease or cause mild disease. For example: 1. Cowpox to protect against smallpox. 2. BCG vaccine made from Mycobacterium bovis to protect against human tuberculosis. Obligatory vaccines in Egypt Applied by the Veterinary Authorities all over the Country Name Type Age of vaccinatio n لقاح الحمي القالعيه الميت فاقد الضراوهInactivated 4 Foot and Mouth vaccine months virus vaccine لقاح الجلد العقدي الحي المستضعف Lumpy skin disease vaccine Living 8 to10 Attenuated months vaccine بروسيال19 العتره Brucella strain 19 vaccine Living Attenuated bacterine التسمم الدموي Inactivated Haemorrhagic vaccine septicaemia oily adjuvant vaccine 8 Ms female calves Dose 2ml s/c 0.5ml for sheep 5ml for cattle intradermal 5ml s/c Booster doses Period of vaccinatio n After 4 months. 4 to 6 Ms one year One year - - 4 to 6 2ml for months cattle One year calves 1ml in sheep I/M After 12 month Age of Name Type vaccinatio n At 4 months if لقاح حمي الوادي the calves المتصدع المثبط ميتInactivated from Nonفاقد الضراوه vaccine vaccinated Rift valley fever dams Dose 2 ml s/c At 4 months if لقاح حمي الثالث ايامInactivated the calves Three days vaccine 2 ml s/c from Nonsickness vaccine vaccinated dams اللقاح التنفسي (ثالثيInactivated 4 to 6 Two doses )او رباعي vaccine months each 5ml Pnemo-3 or calves I/M Pnemo-4 Two weeks interval Revaccina Period of tion vaccination Each 6 months 6 to 9 months Each 6 months 6 to 9 months 12 to 16 month One year Period of Name Type Dose Booster doses vaccinatio n اللقاح الثالثي لالسهالInactivated 2 months in 4ml S/C 2 weeks (لقاح مثبط روتا وكروناvaccine pregnant before بكتريا اي+ فيروس females parturition )كوالي before Entero-3 parturition Rota, Corona and E.coli Age of vaccination Acknowledgement