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Vaccine and
Vaccination in farm
Animals
Dr. Amira Adel Taha Al-Hosary
PhD of Infectious Diseases, Lecturer of Infectious Diseases,
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt
The immune system:
Collection of tissues, cells, molecules that
protect the body against pathogens.
It is a vital system although it is relatively small
(weight of all leukocytes and their products
involved in immune function is probably lesser
than 2 % of body weight).
Function of the immune system
1. Protection against pathogens.
2. Remove of dead tissues and cells.
3. Recognize and remove abnormal cells with
abnormal growth (Cancer cells).
The immune response:
It means the reaction of the immune system
against any foreign pathogens (Antigen).
Tolerance: The ability of the immune system to
identify its cells and diff. between them and
other antigens.
Congenital immunity (Innate immunity):
It includes all anatomical and physiological
barriers.
Acquired immunity (Adaptive immunity):
It includes humeral (Abs) and cellular immunity.
Acquired immunity
Adaptive immunity
Specific immunity
Specific
immunity
Active
immunity
Natural
immunity
Infection
Passive
immunity
Artificial
immunity
Vaccination
Natural
immunity
Colostrums
Artificial
immunity
Hyper immune sera
Active immunity Vs. Passive immunity
1. Active Immunity through Vaccines:
Vaccines work by exposing the immune system to
antigens from a specific pathogen, tricking the
body into thinking that it suffer from real
infection.
Exposure to an antigen stimulates an immune
response, which creates memory cells for that
pathogen.
2. Passive immunity:
The animal receives specific Abs against specific
pathogen in form of colostrum or hyper immune
sera.
In humans: Antibodies can pass from the maternal
side to the fetus through the placental barriers.
But the cow’s antibodies cannot move, so the only
place for the calf to get antibodies is the first milk
and gut absorption (Colostrum).
A. Natural Passive immunity through colostrum:
Calf by the third trimester can recognize some
antigens and produce its own antibodies but it is not
enough and the calf must take the colostrum as soon
as possible (0:12 hours after birth (Maternal
immunity).
Pre-calving vaccination aims to stimulate the cow’s
immune
antibodies.
response
to
produce
the
colostral
B. Artificial Passive immunity (Hyper immune sera):
It contains specific Abs against specific Ag.
Uses of hyper immune sera:
1- Used as a treatment.
2- During transportation as prophylactic ttt.
3- Old animals, newly born animals.
4- Immuno compromised or Immuno suppressed
animals.
5- During out break.
History of Vaccine:
The process of inoculation was used by Chinese
physicians in the 10th century and the earliest
documented examples of vaccination are from
India and China in the 17th century, where
vaccination with powdered scabs from people
infected with small pox
against the disease.
was used to protect
History of Vaccine:
Edward Jenner established the procedure of
vaccination by introducing material from a
cowpox vesicle on Sarah Nelmes into the arm
of a boy named James Phipps.
In 1798, Jenner published his data and
developed an "arm-to-arm" method of
vaccination.
Vaccination and immunization
The vaccine is a biological preparation that
provides active acquired immunity against a
particular disease.
It typically contains an agent that resembles a
disease-causing micro-organism attenuated or
killed forms, its toxins or one of its surface
proteins.
Vaccination and immunization
Vaccine aim to stimulate the immune
system to recognize the agent as a threat,
destroy it, and keep a record of it, so that
the immune system can more easily
recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it later encounters.
Vaccination and immunization
Vaccination
• The
Immunization
administration
of
vaccines
is
called vaccination.
• The success of the vaccine to protect the animals
called immunization.
Vaccination and immunization
Factors affection the efficacy of the vaccine:
1. The disease itself (for some diseases vaccination
performs better than for others).
2. The strain of vaccine.
3. Individual
variation
in
the
vaccination.
4. Malnutrition, parasitic infestation.
response
to
Vaccination and immunization
Adverse effects of vaccines:
Most of these side effects are due to postvaccinal reaction and include:
fever, pain around the injection site, off food
and some individuals are allergic to ingredients
in the vaccine.
Types of Vaccines:
Inactivated (Killed vaccines):
The micro-organisms have been destroyed with
chemicals, heat or radiation.
To enhance the action of this killed vaccine we
must add substance called adjuvant.
Types of Vaccines:
Adjuvant:
It
is
non-antigenic
substance
when
mixed with killed
vaccine it enhance
its action which lead
to
production
more Abs.
of
Mode of action:
1. Activate the innate immune responses at the
injection site.
2. Stimulate the inflammation.
3. Decrease the rate of Ag absorption  Increase
the chance of its presentation.
4. Stimulate the immune response and immune
cells.
Types: Mineral oil, alum (Potassium aluminium
sulfate) and sulfolipopolysaccharide.
Types of Vaccines:
Attenuated vaccines:
Some
vaccines
contain
live
or
attenuated microorganisms.
Cultivated under conditions that disable their
virulent properties to produce
less dangerous
organisms to produce a broad immune response.
Types of Vaccines:
For examples:
Living attenuated vaccine against tuberculosis
developed by Calmette and Guérin it is modified
weakened strain of Mycobacterium bovis subcultured on Middle brook 7H9 media and called
"BCG" (not used for cattle in Egypt).
Types of Vaccines:
Living vaccine
Don’t need adjuvant
Small dose
Not used in pregnant
females
Strong immune
response
Long duration
Low coast
Killed vaccine
Need adjuvant
Larger dose
Used
Weak
Shorter so need 2nd
dose (Booster dose)
Expensive
Types of Vaccines:
Toxoid:
It is made from inactivated toxic
compounds that cause illness rather
than the micro-organism.
Example of toxoid-based vaccines
against tetanus.
Anti-toxoid:
It is made from antibodies against the
inactivated toxic compounds (Hyper
immune sera).
Example: Anti -Tetanic sera.
Types of Vaccines:
Subunit Vaccine:
Recombinant DNA technology in recent years has
become a boon to produce new generation
vaccines to overcome the limitations of the
traditional vaccines.
It aims to use protein subunit rather than
inactivated or attenuated micro-organism.
Types of Recombinant Vaccines:
1. Subunit recombinant vaccines.
2. Attenuated recombinant vaccines.
3. Vector recombinant vaccines.
Types of Vaccines:
1. Subunit recombinant vaccines.
These are the components of the pathogenic
organisms include proteins, peptides and DNA
which are immunogenic and bind to antibodies.
FMD subunit Vaccine:
The domains of viral protein I (VPI) of FMDV
were chemically synthesized.
This short peptides (domains) was bound to the
surface of a carrier protein and used as a vaccine.
Types of Vaccines:
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Types of Vaccines:
2.
Attenuated
recombinant
vaccines:
These
are
the
genetically
modified pathogenic organisms
(bacteria or viruses) that are
made non-pathogenic and used
as vaccines.
Types of Vaccines:
The genetic manipulations for the production of
these vaccines are broadly of two types:
1. Deletion or modification of virulence genes of
pathogenic organisms.
2. Genetic manipulation of non-pathogenic
organisms
to
carry
and
express
antigen
determinants from pathogenic organisms.
Types of Vaccines:
3.
Vector
recombinant
vaccines (virus-like particle ):
These
are
the
genetically
modified viral vectors that can
be used as vaccines against
certain pathogens.
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Types of Vaccines:
Valence
Monovalent vaccine immunize against a single
antigen.
Bivalent vaccine immunize against two antigens.
Multivalent or polyvalent vaccine
immunize
against three or more strains of the same
microorganism,
microorganisms.
or
against
two
or
more
Types of Vaccines:
Heterotypic
Also known as heterologous or "Jennerian"
vaccines, these are pathogens of other species
that either do not cause disease or cause mild
disease.
For example:
1. Cowpox to protect against smallpox.
2. BCG vaccine made from Mycobacterium
bovis to protect against human tuberculosis.
Obligatory vaccines in Egypt
Applied by the Veterinary
Authorities all over the
Country
Name
Type
Age of
vaccinatio
n
‫لقاح الحمي القالعيه‬
‫ الميت فاقد الضراوه‬Inactivated
4
Foot and Mouth
vaccine
months
virus vaccine
‫لقاح الجلد العقدي‬
‫الحي المستضعف‬
Lumpy skin
disease vaccine
Living
8 to10
Attenuated
months
vaccine
‫ بروسيال‬19 ‫العتره‬
Brucella strain
19 vaccine
Living
Attenuated
bacterine
‫التسمم الدموي‬
Inactivated
Haemorrhagic
vaccine
septicaemia oily
adjuvant vaccine
8 Ms
female
calves
Dose
2ml s/c
0.5ml for
sheep
5ml for
cattle
intradermal
5ml s/c
Booster
doses
Period of
vaccinatio
n
After 4
months.
4 to 6 Ms
one year
One year
-
-
4 to 6
2ml for
months
cattle
One year
calves 1ml in sheep
I/M
After 12
month
Age of
Name
Type
vaccinatio
n
At 4
months if
‫لقاح حمي الوادي‬
the calves
‫ المتصدع المثبط ميت‬Inactivated
from Non‫فاقد الضراوه‬
vaccine
vaccinated
Rift valley fever
dams
Dose
2 ml s/c
At 4
months if
‫ لقاح حمي الثالث ايام‬Inactivated
the calves
Three days
vaccine
2 ml s/c
from Nonsickness vaccine
vaccinated
dams
‫ اللقاح التنفسي (ثالثي‬Inactivated
4 to 6
Two doses
)‫او رباعي‬
vaccine
months
each 5ml
Pnemo-3 or
calves
I/M
Pnemo-4
Two weeks
interval
Revaccina Period of
tion
vaccination
Each 6
months
6 to 9
months
Each 6
months
6 to 9
months
12 to 16
month
One year
Period of
Name
Type
Dose Booster doses vaccinatio
n
‫ اللقاح الثالثي لالسهال‬Inactivated 2 months in 4ml S/C
2 weeks
‫ (لقاح مثبط روتا وكرونا‬vaccine
pregnant
before
‫ بكتريا اي‬+ ‫فيروس‬
females
parturition
)‫كوالي‬
before
Entero-3
parturition
Rota, Corona and
E.coli
Age of
vaccination
Acknowledgement