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Transcript
ANIMAL WELFARE ELISTA Education 2011 Evolution, Domestication, Natural Selection & Selective Breeding Why, when studying Animal Welfare should we look at Evolution & Domestication? Knowing where they have come from helps us to know what they need (evolution) but we must not forget that they have adapted through the domestication process. Evolution= “gradual development” (oxforddictionaries.com) Animals have developed gradually over time through two main processes Wings Convergent Evolution Pentadactyl Limb Divergent Example: Evolution of The Dog Creodonts (100-50mya) Miacis (54-38 mya) Hesperocyon (38-26) Cyodicitis (19 mya) Tomarctus (12 mya) Canidae (2 mya) Example: Evolution of The Dog Taxonomy “The classification of organisms in an ordered system that indicates natural relationships.” http://www.thefreedictionary.com/taxonomy Kingdom:Animalia Phylum:Chordata Class:Mammalia Order:Carnivora Family:Canidae Genus:Canis Species:C.lupus Subspecies: C.lupus familiaris Added 1993 Kingdom:Animalia Kingdom:Animalia Kingdom:Animalia Phylum:Chordata Phylum:Chordata Phylum:Chordata Class:Mammalia Class:Mammalia Class:Mammalia Order:Carnivora Order:Carnivora Order:Carnivora Family:Canidae Family:Canidae Family:Canidae Genus:Canis Genus:Canis Genus:Vulpes Species:C.lupus Species:C.aureus Species:vulpes Subspecies: C.lupus familiaris (golden jackal) (red fox) Evolution occurs due to Natural Selection…a process termed by Darwin Natural Selection-the ability of an animal to possess characteristics which make it the most adapted (well suited) for its environment. In being well suited for its environment it means it is more likely to survive and go on to breed and reproduce (often referred to a Survival of the Fittest) Example of Natural Selection 1840’s = peppered moth www.clcoc.org/presentations/ peppered/peppered4 Animals change to best suit their environment- we can become the environment…this happens during and after domestication Domestication Domestication= “the process of enfolding a species into human society and taking responsibility for it’s husbandry and control over it’s breeding” (J.Clutton-Brock) : Domestication of Dog Example Theory one: Domestication of the Dog Theory 2: Key points to remember…when using animals ancestry to evaluate welfare (dogs) Once were solitary, more recently social Hunters, but also scavengers Adapted (to feel non-threatened by humans) Weaker/less effective predators most likely self-domesticated through natural selection Domestication started over 10 thousand years ago. How did the breeds develop? Through breeding like with like both due to region and traits. N. American Eskimo Chinese Prehistoric Indian Chow Dingo Borzoi Toy Spaniels Pekin Bulldogs Pug European Pharoh Greyhound Mastiff Shepherd Spitz Saluki Afghan Newfie St. Ber Gt. Dane Deerhound Blood hound Terriers Gundogs Maltese Spaniels Domestic Evolution of the Early Dog how the breed groups developed Guarding = working dogs Food Source people started keeping stock herding =pastoral (humans got sense!) companion= toy + utility Hunting human hunting methods developed treking retrieving chasing+capturing hounds gundogs hounds+ terriers Domestication vs Taming Taming= “changed from a wild to a domesticated state: said as of animals trained for use by humans or as pets” http://www.yourdictionary.com/taming Taming really relates to individual wild animals being habituated and trained to exist within a domestic environment. This is alternative to a domesticated specie that over a long period of time has come to be dependant on people. Selective Breeding (changing and developing breeds-selecting traits) Overview… Process of Domestication Wild Animal species evolving to suit environment Selective Breeding Lots of different breeds Taming Specie= genetically different, breeds genetically same*