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ANIMAL WELFARE
ELISTA Education 2011
Evolution,
Domestication,
Natural Selection &
Selective
Breeding
Why, when studying Animal
Welfare should we look at
Evolution & Domestication?
Knowing where they
have come from helps
us to know what they
need (evolution) but
we must not forget
that they have
adapted through the
domestication
process.
Evolution= “gradual
development”
(oxforddictionaries.com)
Animals have developed gradually over time
through two main processes
Wings
 Convergent Evolution
Pentadactyl Limb
 Divergent
Example:
Evolution of The Dog
Creodonts (100-50mya)
Miacis (54-38 mya)
Hesperocyon (38-26)
Cyodicitis (19 mya)
Tomarctus (12 mya)
Canidae (2 mya)
Example:
Evolution of The Dog
Taxonomy
“The classification of
organisms in an ordered
system that indicates
natural relationships.”
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/taxonomy
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Mammalia
Order:Carnivora
Family:Canidae
Genus:Canis
Species:C.lupus
Subspecies: C.lupus
familiaris
Added 1993
Kingdom:Animalia
Kingdom:Animalia Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Phylum:Chordata
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Mammalia
Class:Mammalia
Class:Mammalia
Order:Carnivora
Order:Carnivora
Order:Carnivora
Family:Canidae
Family:Canidae
Family:Canidae
Genus:Canis
Genus:Canis
Genus:Vulpes
Species:C.lupus
Species:C.aureus
Species:vulpes
Subspecies: C.lupus
familiaris
(golden jackal)
(red fox)
Evolution occurs due to
Natural Selection…a process termed
by Darwin
 Natural Selection-the ability of an animal to possess
characteristics which make it the most adapted (well suited) for its
environment. In being well suited for its environment it means it is more
likely to survive and go on to breed and reproduce
(often referred to a
Survival of the Fittest)
 Example of Natural Selection
1840’s
= peppered moth
www.clcoc.org/presentations/
peppered/peppered4
Animals change to best
suit their environment- we
can become the
environment…this happens
during and after
domestication
Domestication
 Domestication= “the process of
enfolding a species into human society
and taking responsibility for it’s
husbandry and control over it’s
breeding” (J.Clutton-Brock)
: Domestication of Dog
Example
 Theory one:
Domestication of the Dog
 Theory 2:
Key points to remember…when
using animals ancestry to evaluate welfare (dogs)
 Once were solitary, more recently social
 Hunters, but also scavengers
 Adapted
(to feel non-threatened by humans)
 Weaker/less effective predators most
likely self-domesticated through natural
selection
 Domestication started over 10 thousand
years ago.
How did the breeds develop?
Through breeding like with like both due to region and traits.
N. American
Eskimo
Chinese
Prehistoric
Indian
Chow Dingo
Borzoi
Toy
Spaniels
Pekin Bulldogs Pug
European
Pharoh
Greyhound Mastiff Shepherd Spitz
Saluki
Afghan
Newfie
St. Ber
Gt. Dane
Deerhound
Blood
hound
Terriers
Gundogs Maltese
Spaniels
Domestic Evolution of the Early
Dog how the breed groups developed
Guarding = working dogs
Food Source
people started keeping stock
herding =pastoral
(humans got sense!)
companion= toy + utility
Hunting
human hunting methods developed
treking
retrieving
chasing+capturing
hounds
gundogs
hounds+ terriers
Domestication vs Taming
Taming= “changed from a wild to a domesticated state: said as of
animals trained for use by humans or as pets”
http://www.yourdictionary.com/taming
Taming really relates to individual wild animals being habituated and
trained to exist within a domestic environment. This is alternative to a
domesticated specie that over a long period of time has come to be
dependant on people.
Selective
Breeding
(changing and developing breeds-selecting traits)
Overview…
Process of
Domestication
Wild Animal
species
evolving to
suit
environment
Selective
Breeding
Lots of different
breeds
Taming
Specie= genetically different, breeds genetically same*