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Rome and Byzantine review
Rush
April 2014
In general
• Roman Empire: Why it is important.
Why it declined.
• Caesar, Augustus, Constantine.
• Christianity: Important beliefs. How it spread.
• Byzantine : Why it is important.
Why it outlasted the Roman Empire.
• Greco-Roman culture: How does it affect us?
6.1 The Roman Republic
• According to legend, the city of Rome
was founded in 753 B.C. by?
• Romulus and Remus, twin sons of the god
Mars and a Latin princess, who were
abandoned on the Tiber River as infants and
raised by a she-wolf.
6.1 The Roman Republic
• What were the actual geographical reasons
for Rome being built where it was?
• Rome was built on seven rolling hills at a curve
on the Tiber River, near the center of the
Italian peninsula. It was midway between the
Alps and Italy’s southern tip. It was also near
the midpoint of the Mediterranean Sea.
6.1 The Roman Republic
• What three groups inhabited the region
from 1,000 to 500 B.C. and eventually battled
for control?
• Latins, Greeks and Etruscans.
6.1 The Roman Republic
• How did the Etruscans influence
the development of Roman civilization?
• They were skilled metalworkers and
engineers. They had a system of writing, and
the Romans adopted their alphabet. They also
influenced Rome’s architecture, especially
the use of the arch.
6.1 The Roman Republic
• What form of government was formed
after the last king was driven from power
in 509 B.C.?
• Republic.
6.1 The Roman Republic
• Describe the republic form of government.
• Citizens vote for their leaders.
6.1 The Roman Republic
• In Rome, citizenship was limited to?
• Freeborn males.
6.1 The Roman Republic
• In the early republic, two groups struggled
for power. Name them.
• Patricians and plebeians.
6.1 The Roman Republic
• Describe patricians.
• Aristocratic, wealthy landowners who
held most of the power despite their
small population.
6.1 The Roman Republic
• Describe plebeians.
• Farmers, artisans, merchants who made up
majority of population but could not vote.
6.1 The Roman Republic
• What were tribunes?
• Assembly for plebeians that protected
the rights of plebeians from unfair acts
of patrician officials.
6.1 The Roman Republic
• What were the Twelve Tables?
• An important victory for the Plebeians was
to force the creation of a written law code.
The Twelve Tables became the basis for
later Roman law. They established the idea
that all free citizens had a right to protection
of the law.
6.1 The Roman Republic
• What was the executive form
of Rome’s government?
• Two consuls, elected by the assembly for
one year – chief executives of the government
and commanders-in-chief of the army.
6.1 The Roman Republic
• What were the legislative forms
of Rome’s government?
• Senate of 300 members, chosen from
aristocracy for life.
• Centuriate Assembly, all citizen-soldiers are
members for life.
• Tribal Assembly, citizens grouped according
to where they live are members for life.
6.1 The Roman Republic
• What was the judicial form
of Rome’s government?
• Praetors, eight judges chosen for one year by
Centuriate Assembly.
6.1 The Roman Republic
• Who was required to serve in the
Roman military?
• All citizens who owned land were required
to serve in the army.
6.1 The Roman Republic
• How and when did Rome take control
of nearly all of Italy?
• By the fourth century B.C., the Romans
dominated central Italy. Eventually they
defeated the Etruscans to the north and
the Greeks to the South. By 265 B.C., the
Romans were masters of nearly all of Italy.
6.1 The Roman Republic
• What were the Punic Wars?
• In 264 B.C., Rome and Carthage went to war.
This was the beginning of the long struggle
known as the Punic Wars. Between 264
and 146 B.C., Rome and Carthage fought
three wars.
6.1 The Roman Republic
• Who was Hannibal?
• Hannibal was a brilliant Carthiginian general
who wanted to avenge Carthage’s defeat
in the first Punic War.
6.1 The Roman Republic
• What was Hannibal’s strategy to defeat Rome?
• With 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry and
60 elephants, he marched from Spain across
France and through the Alps for a surprise
attack on Rome.
6.1 The Roman Republic
• How did the Romans stave off Hannibal?
• A general named Scipio devised a plan
to attack Carthage, which forced Hannibal
to return to defend his native city.
6.1 The Roman Republic
• What was the result of the Punic Wars?
• Rome’s victories gave it dominance over
the western Mediterranean. The Romans then
went on to conquer the eastern half.
6.2 The Roman Empire
• What problems did Rome’s increasing wealth
and expanding boundaries bring?
• The most serious problems were discontent
among the lower classes of society and
a breakdown in military order. These problems
led to a shakeup of the republic and the
emergence of a dictator-ruled empire.
6.2 The Roman Empire
• How prevalent were slaves in Rome?
• By 100 B.C., slaves formed perhaps
one-third of Rome’s population.
6.2 The Roman Empire
• What military leader took control in 60 B.C.?
• Julius Caesar joined forces with Crassus,
a wealthy Roman, and Pompey,
a popular general. With their help,
Caesar was elected consul in 59 B.C.
6.2 The Roman Empire
• What was the group of three leaders called?
• A triumvirate.
6.2 The Roman Empire
• How did Caesar become dictator for life?
• Military successes in Gaul (France) made
Caesar popular, and Pompey became a rival.
Caesar was ordered home, and Caesar
returned with his troops in tow. He defeated
Pompey’s armies, and in 44 B.C. was named
dictator for life.
6.2 The Roman Empire
• As a dictator, was Caesar all bad?
• No. He granted Roman citizenship to many
people in the provinces. He expanded the senate,
adding friends and supporters from Italy and
other regions. He helped the poor by creating
jobs, especially through the construction of
new public buildings. He started colonies where
people without land could own property,
and he increased pay for soldiers.
6.2 The Roman Empire
• So why was Caesar killed?
• Many nobles and senators expressed concern
over Caesar’s growing power, success and
popularity. Others considered him a tyrant.
A number of important senators planned
his assassination. On March 15, 44 B.C., they
stabbed him to death in the senate chamber.
6.2 The Roman Empire
• What happened after Caesar’s death?
• Civil war broke out and destroyed what was
left of the Roman Republic.
6.2 The Roman Empire
• What was the Second Triumvirate?
• Caesar’s 18-year-old grandnephew and
adopted son Octavian, Mark Antony and
Lepidus. In 43 B.C., they took control of Rome
and ruled for 10 years.
6.2 The Roman Empire
• What happened to the Second Triumvirate?
• Octavian forced Lepidus to retire, and then
Octavian and Mark Antony became rivals.
Mark Antony fell in love with Cleopatra
of Egypt, Octavian accused Mark Antony
of trying to overthrow him from Egypt,
and another civil war erupted. Octavian won
and accepted the title of Augustus.
6.2 The Roman Empire
• What was the Pax Romana?
• Roman Peace – it lasted from the beginning
of Augustus’ rule in 27 B.C. until 180 A.D.
Peace reigned throughout the empire.
6.2 The Roman Empire
• Describe Augustus’ government.
• He created a system of government that
survived for centuries. He set up
a civil service, paying workers to manage
the affairs of government. After Augustus’
death, the system of government that he
set up maintained the empire’s stability.
6.2 The Roman Empire
• How did the Roman government distract
and control the masses?
• With free games, races, mock battles and
gladiator contests in the Colosseum, which
could hold 50,000 people.
6.3 The Rise of Christianity
• What important religion grew with Rome?
• Christianity.
6.3 The Rise of Christianity
• Who was Jesus?
6.3 The Rise of Christianity
• Who was Paul?
6.3 The Rise of Christianity
• Why did Jesus’ popularity concern both
Roman and Jewish leaders?
• The Jews denied that Jesus was the Messiah.
They said his teachings were blasphemy.
The Roman governor Pontius Pilate accused
Jesus of defying the authority of Rome.
6.3 The Rise of Christianity
• What happened after Jesus’ death?
• His followers began to create a new religion
based on his messages. Christianity spread
steadily throughout the Roman Empire.
6.3 The Rise of Christianity
• Why did the Christians pose a problem
for Roman rulers?
• They refused to worship Roman gods,
which was seen as opposition to Roman rule.
Some Roman rulers also used Christians as
scapegoats for political and economic
troubles. As the Pax Romana crumbled,
persecution of Christians intensified.
6.3 The Rise of Christianity
• What was the Diaspora?
6.3 The Rise of Christianity
•
•
•
•
Why did Christianity appeal to many?
It embraced all people.
It gave hope to the powerless.
It appealed to those who were repelled by the
extravagances of imperial Rome.
• It offered a personal relationship with
a loving God.
• It promised eternal life after death.
6.3 The Rise of Christianity
• Why was Constantine important in the spread
of Christianity?
• Constantine, a Roman emperor, credited
his success in battle to the help of the
Christian God. In 313 A.D., he announced
an end to the persecution of Christians. He
declared Christianity to be one of the religions
approved by the emperor.
6.3 The Rise of Christianity
• What was Theodosius’ important act?
• The emperor made Christianity the empire’s
official religion in 380 A.D.
6.4 The Fall of the Roman Empire
• What weakened Rome’s economy
in the third century A.D.?
• Hostile tribes and pirates on the
Mediterranean disrupted trade. Having
reached their limit for expansion, the Romans
lacked new sources of gold and silver. They
made coins with less and less silver, and soon
the economy suffered from inflation.
6.4 The Fall of the Roman Empire
• What weakened Rome’s economy
in the third century A.D.?
• Agriculture faced serious problems also.
Harvests became meager because
overworked soil had lost its fertility.
Years of war had destroyed much farmland.
Food shortages and disease spread,
and population declined.
6.4 The Fall of the Roman Empire
• Who was Diocletian?
• Diocletian became emperor in 284 A.D.
He ruled with an iron fist and severely limited
personal freedoms. But he restored order
to the empire and increased its strength.
He divided the empire into
Greek-speaking East and Latin-speaking West,
taking the East for himself.
6.4 The Fall of the Roman Empire
• Who took power after Diocletian retired?
• Following civil war, Constantine took control
of the western part of the empire in 312 A.D.
By 324, he also secured control of the East.
In 330, he moved the capital from Rome
to Byzantium in what is now Turkey. The city
eventually took the name Constantinople.
6.4 The Fall of the Roman Empire
• What happened after Constantine’s death?
• The empire was again divided.
The East would survive. The West would fall.
6.5 Rome and Western Civilization
• What is Greco-Roman culture?
• The mixing of elements of Greek, Hellenistic
and Roman culture. It is often called
classical civilization. Romans built on Greek
sculpture. Romans borrowed philosophy from
the Greeks. Stoicism was very influential.
Romans found inspiration in Greek literature.
6.5 Rome and Western Civilization
• What is the legacy of Rome?
• The Latin language. It was the official language
of Roman Catholic Church into 20th century. It
also influenced languages including English.
• Master builders. Roman architectural forms
were so practical, they remain popular.
• Roman law. Principles included equality under
the law, innocent until proven guilty and have
influenced Europe and the United States.
11.1 The Byzantine Empire
• The city of Byzantium became known as?
• Constantinople, named after Constantine,
who moved Rome’s capital there in 330 A.D.
11.1 The Byzantine Empire
• Who was Justinian?
• He became leader in 527. His armies won
nearly all of Italy and parts of Spain. Justinian
ruled almost all the territory that Rome had
ever ruled. He could honestly call himself
a new Caesar. He headed not just the state but
the church as well.
11.1 The Byzantine Empire
• What was the Justinian Code?
• Justinian appointed a panel to look carefully
at 400 years of Roman law. It got rid of laws
that were outdated or contradictory. The code
served the Byzantine Empire for nearly 900
years and served as a basis for European
common law.
11.1 The Byzantine Empire
• What happened after Justinian’s death?
• Many setbacks. Problems from within.
Plague. Challenges from foreign enemies. Etc.
11.1 The Byzantine Empire
• Why did the Church divide?
• Christianity began to develop differently
in the Western and Eastern Roman empires.
A major divide was over the use of icons –
religious images used to aid devotions.
The Eastern Church banned them. The ban
eventually was lifted, but the split between
West and East remains today.