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Rome and Byzantine review Rush April 2014 In general • Roman Empire: Why it is important. Why it declined. • Caesar, Augustus, Constantine. • Christianity: Important beliefs. How it spread. • Byzantine : Why it is important. Why it outlasted the Roman Empire. • Greco-Roman culture: How does it affect us? 6.1 The Roman Republic • According to legend, the city of Rome was founded in 753 B.C. by? • Romulus and Remus, twin sons of the god Mars and a Latin princess, who were abandoned on the Tiber River as infants and raised by a she-wolf. 6.1 The Roman Republic • What were the actual geographical reasons for Rome being built where it was? • Rome was built on seven rolling hills at a curve on the Tiber River, near the center of the Italian peninsula. It was midway between the Alps and Italy’s southern tip. It was also near the midpoint of the Mediterranean Sea. 6.1 The Roman Republic • What three groups inhabited the region from 1,000 to 500 B.C. and eventually battled for control? • Latins, Greeks and Etruscans. 6.1 The Roman Republic • How did the Etruscans influence the development of Roman civilization? • They were skilled metalworkers and engineers. They had a system of writing, and the Romans adopted their alphabet. They also influenced Rome’s architecture, especially the use of the arch. 6.1 The Roman Republic • What form of government was formed after the last king was driven from power in 509 B.C.? • Republic. 6.1 The Roman Republic • Describe the republic form of government. • Citizens vote for their leaders. 6.1 The Roman Republic • In Rome, citizenship was limited to? • Freeborn males. 6.1 The Roman Republic • In the early republic, two groups struggled for power. Name them. • Patricians and plebeians. 6.1 The Roman Republic • Describe patricians. • Aristocratic, wealthy landowners who held most of the power despite their small population. 6.1 The Roman Republic • Describe plebeians. • Farmers, artisans, merchants who made up majority of population but could not vote. 6.1 The Roman Republic • What were tribunes? • Assembly for plebeians that protected the rights of plebeians from unfair acts of patrician officials. 6.1 The Roman Republic • What were the Twelve Tables? • An important victory for the Plebeians was to force the creation of a written law code. The Twelve Tables became the basis for later Roman law. They established the idea that all free citizens had a right to protection of the law. 6.1 The Roman Republic • What was the executive form of Rome’s government? • Two consuls, elected by the assembly for one year – chief executives of the government and commanders-in-chief of the army. 6.1 The Roman Republic • What were the legislative forms of Rome’s government? • Senate of 300 members, chosen from aristocracy for life. • Centuriate Assembly, all citizen-soldiers are members for life. • Tribal Assembly, citizens grouped according to where they live are members for life. 6.1 The Roman Republic • What was the judicial form of Rome’s government? • Praetors, eight judges chosen for one year by Centuriate Assembly. 6.1 The Roman Republic • Who was required to serve in the Roman military? • All citizens who owned land were required to serve in the army. 6.1 The Roman Republic • How and when did Rome take control of nearly all of Italy? • By the fourth century B.C., the Romans dominated central Italy. Eventually they defeated the Etruscans to the north and the Greeks to the South. By 265 B.C., the Romans were masters of nearly all of Italy. 6.1 The Roman Republic • What were the Punic Wars? • In 264 B.C., Rome and Carthage went to war. This was the beginning of the long struggle known as the Punic Wars. Between 264 and 146 B.C., Rome and Carthage fought three wars. 6.1 The Roman Republic • Who was Hannibal? • Hannibal was a brilliant Carthiginian general who wanted to avenge Carthage’s defeat in the first Punic War. 6.1 The Roman Republic • What was Hannibal’s strategy to defeat Rome? • With 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry and 60 elephants, he marched from Spain across France and through the Alps for a surprise attack on Rome. 6.1 The Roman Republic • How did the Romans stave off Hannibal? • A general named Scipio devised a plan to attack Carthage, which forced Hannibal to return to defend his native city. 6.1 The Roman Republic • What was the result of the Punic Wars? • Rome’s victories gave it dominance over the western Mediterranean. The Romans then went on to conquer the eastern half. 6.2 The Roman Empire • What problems did Rome’s increasing wealth and expanding boundaries bring? • The most serious problems were discontent among the lower classes of society and a breakdown in military order. These problems led to a shakeup of the republic and the emergence of a dictator-ruled empire. 6.2 The Roman Empire • How prevalent were slaves in Rome? • By 100 B.C., slaves formed perhaps one-third of Rome’s population. 6.2 The Roman Empire • What military leader took control in 60 B.C.? • Julius Caesar joined forces with Crassus, a wealthy Roman, and Pompey, a popular general. With their help, Caesar was elected consul in 59 B.C. 6.2 The Roman Empire • What was the group of three leaders called? • A triumvirate. 6.2 The Roman Empire • How did Caesar become dictator for life? • Military successes in Gaul (France) made Caesar popular, and Pompey became a rival. Caesar was ordered home, and Caesar returned with his troops in tow. He defeated Pompey’s armies, and in 44 B.C. was named dictator for life. 6.2 The Roman Empire • As a dictator, was Caesar all bad? • No. He granted Roman citizenship to many people in the provinces. He expanded the senate, adding friends and supporters from Italy and other regions. He helped the poor by creating jobs, especially through the construction of new public buildings. He started colonies where people without land could own property, and he increased pay for soldiers. 6.2 The Roman Empire • So why was Caesar killed? • Many nobles and senators expressed concern over Caesar’s growing power, success and popularity. Others considered him a tyrant. A number of important senators planned his assassination. On March 15, 44 B.C., they stabbed him to death in the senate chamber. 6.2 The Roman Empire • What happened after Caesar’s death? • Civil war broke out and destroyed what was left of the Roman Republic. 6.2 The Roman Empire • What was the Second Triumvirate? • Caesar’s 18-year-old grandnephew and adopted son Octavian, Mark Antony and Lepidus. In 43 B.C., they took control of Rome and ruled for 10 years. 6.2 The Roman Empire • What happened to the Second Triumvirate? • Octavian forced Lepidus to retire, and then Octavian and Mark Antony became rivals. Mark Antony fell in love with Cleopatra of Egypt, Octavian accused Mark Antony of trying to overthrow him from Egypt, and another civil war erupted. Octavian won and accepted the title of Augustus. 6.2 The Roman Empire • What was the Pax Romana? • Roman Peace – it lasted from the beginning of Augustus’ rule in 27 B.C. until 180 A.D. Peace reigned throughout the empire. 6.2 The Roman Empire • Describe Augustus’ government. • He created a system of government that survived for centuries. He set up a civil service, paying workers to manage the affairs of government. After Augustus’ death, the system of government that he set up maintained the empire’s stability. 6.2 The Roman Empire • How did the Roman government distract and control the masses? • With free games, races, mock battles and gladiator contests in the Colosseum, which could hold 50,000 people. 6.3 The Rise of Christianity • What important religion grew with Rome? • Christianity. 6.3 The Rise of Christianity • Who was Jesus? 6.3 The Rise of Christianity • Who was Paul? 6.3 The Rise of Christianity • Why did Jesus’ popularity concern both Roman and Jewish leaders? • The Jews denied that Jesus was the Messiah. They said his teachings were blasphemy. The Roman governor Pontius Pilate accused Jesus of defying the authority of Rome. 6.3 The Rise of Christianity • What happened after Jesus’ death? • His followers began to create a new religion based on his messages. Christianity spread steadily throughout the Roman Empire. 6.3 The Rise of Christianity • Why did the Christians pose a problem for Roman rulers? • They refused to worship Roman gods, which was seen as opposition to Roman rule. Some Roman rulers also used Christians as scapegoats for political and economic troubles. As the Pax Romana crumbled, persecution of Christians intensified. 6.3 The Rise of Christianity • What was the Diaspora? 6.3 The Rise of Christianity • • • • Why did Christianity appeal to many? It embraced all people. It gave hope to the powerless. It appealed to those who were repelled by the extravagances of imperial Rome. • It offered a personal relationship with a loving God. • It promised eternal life after death. 6.3 The Rise of Christianity • Why was Constantine important in the spread of Christianity? • Constantine, a Roman emperor, credited his success in battle to the help of the Christian God. In 313 A.D., he announced an end to the persecution of Christians. He declared Christianity to be one of the religions approved by the emperor. 6.3 The Rise of Christianity • What was Theodosius’ important act? • The emperor made Christianity the empire’s official religion in 380 A.D. 6.4 The Fall of the Roman Empire • What weakened Rome’s economy in the third century A.D.? • Hostile tribes and pirates on the Mediterranean disrupted trade. Having reached their limit for expansion, the Romans lacked new sources of gold and silver. They made coins with less and less silver, and soon the economy suffered from inflation. 6.4 The Fall of the Roman Empire • What weakened Rome’s economy in the third century A.D.? • Agriculture faced serious problems also. Harvests became meager because overworked soil had lost its fertility. Years of war had destroyed much farmland. Food shortages and disease spread, and population declined. 6.4 The Fall of the Roman Empire • Who was Diocletian? • Diocletian became emperor in 284 A.D. He ruled with an iron fist and severely limited personal freedoms. But he restored order to the empire and increased its strength. He divided the empire into Greek-speaking East and Latin-speaking West, taking the East for himself. 6.4 The Fall of the Roman Empire • Who took power after Diocletian retired? • Following civil war, Constantine took control of the western part of the empire in 312 A.D. By 324, he also secured control of the East. In 330, he moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium in what is now Turkey. The city eventually took the name Constantinople. 6.4 The Fall of the Roman Empire • What happened after Constantine’s death? • The empire was again divided. The East would survive. The West would fall. 6.5 Rome and Western Civilization • What is Greco-Roman culture? • The mixing of elements of Greek, Hellenistic and Roman culture. It is often called classical civilization. Romans built on Greek sculpture. Romans borrowed philosophy from the Greeks. Stoicism was very influential. Romans found inspiration in Greek literature. 6.5 Rome and Western Civilization • What is the legacy of Rome? • The Latin language. It was the official language of Roman Catholic Church into 20th century. It also influenced languages including English. • Master builders. Roman architectural forms were so practical, they remain popular. • Roman law. Principles included equality under the law, innocent until proven guilty and have influenced Europe and the United States. 11.1 The Byzantine Empire • The city of Byzantium became known as? • Constantinople, named after Constantine, who moved Rome’s capital there in 330 A.D. 11.1 The Byzantine Empire • Who was Justinian? • He became leader in 527. His armies won nearly all of Italy and parts of Spain. Justinian ruled almost all the territory that Rome had ever ruled. He could honestly call himself a new Caesar. He headed not just the state but the church as well. 11.1 The Byzantine Empire • What was the Justinian Code? • Justinian appointed a panel to look carefully at 400 years of Roman law. It got rid of laws that were outdated or contradictory. The code served the Byzantine Empire for nearly 900 years and served as a basis for European common law. 11.1 The Byzantine Empire • What happened after Justinian’s death? • Many setbacks. Problems from within. Plague. Challenges from foreign enemies. Etc. 11.1 The Byzantine Empire • Why did the Church divide? • Christianity began to develop differently in the Western and Eastern Roman empires. A major divide was over the use of icons – religious images used to aid devotions. The Eastern Church banned them. The ban eventually was lifted, but the split between West and East remains today.