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Transcript
Newton’s Laws of Motion Electromagnetic spectrum with visible light highlighted (Maxwell). Concepts introduced by the theories of relativity include: • Measurements of various quantities are relative to the velocities of observers. In particular, space contracts and time dilates. • Spacetime: space and time should be considered together and in relation to each other. • The speed of light is nonetheless invariant, the same for all observers. Fundamental Forces of Nature The Development of Quantum Theory • In 1900, Planck made the assumption that energy was made of individual units, or quanta. • • In 1905, Albert Einstein theorized that not just the energy, but the radiation itself was quantized in the same manner. In 1924, Louis de Broglie proposed that there is no fundamental difference in the makeup and behavior of energy and matter -- on the atomic and subatomic level either may behave as if made of either particles or waves. • This theory became known as the principle of wave-particle duality: elementary particles of both energy and matter behave, depending on the conditions, like either particles or waves. • In 1927, Werner Heisenberg proposed that precise, simultaneous measurement of two complementary values - such as the position and momentum of a subatomic particle - is impossible. Contrary to the principles of classical physics, their simultaneous measurement is inescapably flawed; the more precisely one value is measured, the more flawed will be the measurement of the other value. This theory became known as the uncertainty principle, which prompted Albert Einstein's famous comment, "God does not play dice."
