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Download Topics 7-14 Study Guide Topic 7: Roman Military Wedge
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Topics 7-14 Study Guide Topic 7: Roman Military Wedge- forms a triangle and split the sides apart. This military strategy stops a big line. The Tortoise- protective shell that covers all of them except their legs from arrows. This military strategy stops a big line with arrows. Repel Cavalry-men kneel on one leg in front, holding shields and arrows. The other side cannot do anything. This military strategy is used for horses. The Orb-circular formation where everyone is facing outward to protect each other, or they had someone in the center they were protecting. This was used as a last resort. Topic 8 1st Punic War – Fought over Sicily dispute, won with corvus- a bridge that attaches to a boat so Romans could cross over and reach the Carthaginians, Rome wins Sicily and other nearby islands; Carthage leader Hamilcar Cause- Rome is expanding and feels threatened by Carthage-both want Sicily Fought-naval battle- copy Carthagian ship design= corvus- rotating bridge which drops onto deck of opposing ship, allows army to board ship Results-Carthage offers Rome a deal; Rome gets Sicily, and takes Sardinia, and Corsica Carthage limits navy to 100 ships 2nd Punic War – Hannibal travels through Southern Europe & Alps with war elephants, destroys crops, Rome gets Hannibal to leave by attacking Carthage; Rome wins Spain and other Carthaginian territory; Hannibal had motivation for war since father lost the 1st Punic War Cause-Carthage rebuilds strength and attacks Spain (Roman allies) Hannibal hates Rome and wants revenge Fought- land battles-Hannibal leaves to defend Results-Carthage pays Rome a huge sum of money Rome gets Spain 3rd Punic War – Carthage has no army, but Rome scared of threat, strengthening the economy of Carthage; Rome destroys Carthage and salts the fields Cause-Carthage regains strength and Rome feels threatened Fought-Rome attacks and destroys Carthage Results-Carthage is done, Rome defeats the Greeks, and Rome is number one in the Mediterranean Topic 9 Rome extremely powerful from Carthage destruction, but also way too confident Rich/poor gap widens, as tribunes are killed and the rich rebuild the land that Hannibal destroys Some generals begin getting too powerful (Sulla, etc.) and seem to be ignoring the republic system a little more. Internal struggle-everyone wants more money and power, generals have too much wealth and power. Too many slaves to control, and Rome underestimates – Spartacus revolt is put down by Roman army (Crassus) after almost destroying Rome Slaves-poor conditions, treated awfully by Patricians. Training was intense, difficult, and nonstop. Leads to slave revolt. In the movie, Spartacus was crucified in real life he died in battle. Most other men were crucified based off of Roman religion. Topic 10 General power strengthens – Rome agrees to have three powerful generals lead Rome; this leads to the 1st Triumvirate- 3 powerful leaders (Crassus, Pompey, Julius Caesar) Crassus extremely wealthy gives Julius Caesar money Crassus dies conquering; Julius Caesar chases Pompey – killed in Egypt (is beheaded, men who do this are killed=disrespect for Roman general) Julius Caesar makes alliance with Cleopatra, Egypt ruler; returns to Rome and declares dictator for life (dictator usually would only take place for 6 months – and in case of extreme emergency) Julius Caesar is well –liked by plebeians. He held gladiatorial games, great military leader, had a lot of money, began as a tribune and lost money. Know how Julius Caesar was killed; reasons why senators Brutus, Cassius planned attack-Senators did not like that he was not following the Roman Republic and declared himself dictator for life. Thought they needed to help protect Rome, hard decision because so many people like Julius Caesar. Topic 11 After Julius Caesar killed, his three close advisors take down Cassius/ Brutus. They form the 2nd Triumvirate. 2nd Triumvirate (Octavian – Adopted Son; Mark Antony – Leading General; Lepidus – General) runs Rome. Lepidus discounted early – weak. Antony chased down in Egypt , where he was ignoring leadership and hanging out with Cleopatra Octavian gives power to the Senate, who in turn gives him power as Emperor. Rome now an Empire. His new name is Augustus, which means “revered one.” Augustus rational leader, focused on leadership. He begins the Pax Romana-period of Roman peace, a 200 year period of relative peace in Rome. Know what the role of the Senate is when Emperors existed Augustus- revered one Topic 12 Over the course of time, good leadership and bad leadership directs the course of Rome. Items constructed that you should know include: Colosseum- Vespasian- it held naval battles here, recreate war stories, about 50-60 thousand citizens mostly plebeians entertained here Pantheon-1st free standing dome-place where Roman gods were worshipped Circus Maximus- (Nero’s big palace) - chariot races were held Forum- gave speeches, talked politics Hadrian’s Wall- protects Rome and stabilizes the border, built to keep invaders out Arch of Constantine-to announce something successful you did, emperor would express military accomplishments Know what key emperors are known for. For example: Augustus (1st emperor); Nero (blamed for burning Rome); Commodus (end of Pax Romana); Diocletian (Rome split)think Diocletian-“divide”; Constantine (Acceptance of Christianity); Hadrian-walls; Vespasian-colosseum; Claudius- gave plebeians more rights ;Marcus Aurelius-wrote books and helped protect German frontiers in battle; Tiberius- mean/ ruthless, managed money well, made favorite horse a senator Topic 13 Be able to describe what a Roman town is like; why were people trapped? Why weren’t people afraid of the volcano? The city of Pompeii was covered in ash, people were buried alive. They did not think the eruption would be so severe so people did not evacuate. Topic 14 Identify reasons for the fall of Rome – we just did this, so you should already have a good idea of key reasons -Bad emperors -Diseases/ Plague -Expanding –a lot of territory to control Final Emperor – Romulus Augustulus; Official Fall of Rome (476 CE); the Eastern part keeps going with the capital of Constantinople for about 1000 more years. Eastern part renamed as “Byzantine Empire”