Download 16 Lecture 16 Crusad..

Lecture 16 Crusades II
Dr. Ann T. Orlando
27 October 2016
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Introduction
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Subsequent crusading movements
Religious orders
Internal crusade – the Inquisition
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Second Crusade (1145-1149)
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Turks recaptured Edessa and threaten Holy Land
St. Bernard of Clairvaux preached this crusade,
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Primarily German (HRE) and French troops
Offered same plenary indulgence as Urban II and First Crusade
Discouraged attacks on Jews in Rhineland
Military disaster in East
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Crusading armies from France and Germany not coordinated, distrustful of
each other and Byzantines
Did not win back Edessa
Attacked but did not take Damascus; attacked but did not conquer Egypt
Result: union of Syria and Egypt against the Western Crusaders
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Saladin (1137-1193)
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Born in Tigrit (Iraq), family were Kurds
Spent early life in Damascus
Rose to military prominence leading local army against various
Arab and Turkish factions
Pressure from Western crusades and his exceptional military
ability led to victories that extended his rule from Persia to
North Africa
Having unified political and military authority, was able to push
Crusaders out of Jerusalem and most of previously won areas
Saladin was respected for his justice by both Muslims and
Christians
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Third Crusade (1187-1192)
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Because of unified Syria and Egypt, Muslims
under Saladin were able to retake Jerusalem in
1187
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King’s Crusade
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Saladin made it a point not to engage in same
kind of blood-bath as First Crusade
Richard I (Lionhearted) of England
Phillip II of France
Fredrick Barbarossa of HRE
Military stalemate
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Crusaders manage to hold onto Acre, but could
not retake Jerusalem
Richard negotiates a peace with Saladin
guaranteeing safety of Christian pilgrims
On his way home, Richard imprisoned by
Germans, eventually ransomed
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Development of Italian CityStates
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Since collapse of Western Roman Empire, various parts of Italy ruled by
invaders
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Goths
Lombards
Byzantines
Carolingians
Muslims
Vikings
Papal States
As a result, and because its geography lends itself to defense by small
groups, cities become local centers of stability
Italian cities develop strong diplomatic and defensive military
capabilities
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From foreigners
Against each other
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Some Terminology
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Commune: urban areas (towns) reliant on an
outside force for protection
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Communes were self-governing
Communes often joined together for mutual
defense
Also known as universitas
City-states are a special class of universitas
which conduct their own foreign policy and
trade agreements
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Economic Development of
City-States
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Moved from land-based wealth to
mercantile wealth
Italian City-States develop extensive
(world-wide) trading agreements
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And become adept and playing off papacy
and HRE against each other
Naval prowess most important
Genoa and Venice were major trading
sea-based mercantile empires
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Example: Marco Polo (12541324)
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Fourth Crusade (1202-1204)
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Intended to recapture Jerusalem
Preached by Pope Innocent III
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An unruly mob of Western mercenaries sail to Constantinople
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Ignored by most kings and rulers
Encouraged by Venetians and Genoese
In spite of Innocent III threatening to excommunicate anyone who molests
Constantinople, city is attacked and taken
Three-day horrendous sack, rape, murder, pillage, wonton destruction
Many artifacts (horses in St. Mark’s Sq in Venice) and relics (St. John
Chrysostom and St. Gregory Nazianzus) end up in St. Peter’s Basilica in
Rome
Venetians and Genoese rule Constantinople until Byzantines win it back
in 1261
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Impact of Fourth Crusade and
Sack of Constantinople
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Confirmed the worst fears of Eastern Christians about
Western (Christian) barbarians
Resentment by Orthodox Christians lasts to today
Apologizing for Sack is a part of John Paul II effort to
bring the two lungs of Christianity closer together
The relics of John Chrysostom and Gregory Nazianzus
were returned in 2004
The Fourth Crusade was the last crusade encouraged
by the papacy
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Later Eastern Crusades
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Children’s Crusade of 1212; adolescent and preteenage children went to Holy Land and were
slaughtered or taken as slaves; led by 10 year olds
Fifth Crusade, 1217-1221, led by Austrians and
Hungarians
Sixth Crusade, 1228-1229, led by HRE Fredrick II;
briefly retook Jerusalem
Seventh and Eighth Crusade, 1248-1254, led by King
Louis IX of France (later proclaimed saint) who was
taken captive and eventually ransomed
Acre falls in 1291
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Impact of Crusades Within
Europe
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‘Crusades’ against Jews
Crusading Orders
Inquisition
The Western Front: reconquest of Spain
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‘Crusades’ against Jews
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Some took call to take up arms against enemies of Christianity
as license to persecute Jews in Europe
Especially horrendous during the People’s Crusade in Rhineland
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Same thing occurs during Second Crusade
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Mob of Christians rampage against Jews
Large Jewish populations in Mainz and other towns destroyed
In large measure a way to finance crusades
Bernard of Clairvaux goes to Mainz and convinces leaders of mobs
to cease
Bishops often tried to protect Jews from local mobs
Pope Calixtus II issues Sicut Jadaeis in 1120
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Jews have right to property
Jews should not be forced to convert
Jews can conduct their own religious services
Violation carries excommunication
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Crusading Orders
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Knights Templar
Hospitallers of St John
Knights of Malta
Teutonic Knights
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Sad Tale of Templars
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Founded after capture of Jerusalem by First Crusade
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Became very wealthy and powerful with vast landholdings in
Europe
Out of greed and fear, King Philip IV (the Fair) of France
convinced Pope Clement V (an Avignon Pope) to condemn
Templars for heresy and suppress the order
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c 1119 to protect pilgrims from bands of Muslim robbers in Holy
Land
Rule of life written by Bernard of Clairvaux
Called ‘Templars’ because they lived on Temple Mount in Jerusalem
Friday Oct 13, 1307 Grand Master and Knights throughout Europe
arrested
Executed by being burnt at stake following March
Property in France became property of crown
Property elsewhere in Europe given to papacy
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The Internal Crusade: The
Inquisition
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Starts as Church opposition to Albingensian (Cathars) in
Southern France
 Similar to (a type of?) Manichaeism
 Spread with Muslim invasions through Spain
1208 Innocent III declares ‘crusade’ against Albingensians
 Barons and bishops of northern France mount bloody and
successful conquest of Southern France
 Asks St. Dominic
1233 Inquisition established to find heretics
 Both a religious and a political institution
 Remember: political and religious unity not distinguished
 Example: St. Jean D’Arc executed by English Inquisition
(1431)
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The Church Reflects on
Inquisition
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Tertio Milennio Advente 35
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Another painful chapter of history to which
the sons and daughters of the Church must
return with a spirit of repentance is that of
the acquiescence given, especially in
certain centuries, to intolerance and even
the use of violence in the service of truth.
It is true that an accurate historical
judgment cannot prescind from careful
study of the cultural conditioning of the
times…
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Western Crusade: Reconquista
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711: The Muslim conquest of Iberia begins.
721: Charles Martel wins Battle of Tours
800: Charlemagne completes the reconquest of all
of today's southern French territory and the Pyrenees
914: Completion of the reconquest of the north-west.
1085: Toledo reconquered by Castilian forces.
1147: Lisbon and most of Portugal retaken
1236: Half of Iberia has been reconquered by the
Christians.
1300s and 1400s: Continuing slow push of Spanish
forces south led by Castile and Aragon.
1492: Victorious Ferdinand and Isabel, Treaty of
Granada completes the Reconquista.
NB With the Christian unification of the Iberian
peninsula, Spain will become the dominant worldwide power in the following century
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Assignments
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The Sack of Constantinople, available at
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source
/choniates1.html
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